Social Assistance Under Capitalist Authoritarian Rule: Two Management Models in Chinese Municipalities

This study uses a micro set of Chinese city-level data to understand the varying choices taken by municipal officials in their distribution of a minimum livelihood scheme. It explores the variation in the apportionment of allowances offered to disparate types of poor groups in poor versus wealthy cities. The paper argues that in China, where profits, modernisation, competition and globalisation have become significant to leaders at all levels, there is a logic undergirding welfare allocation that has nothing to do with the calculus that spurs its delivery in democracies, and yet that is more nuanced than stylised models of dictatorship/authoritarianism presume. The paper also demonstrates that, where lower echelons of governmental administration have the authority to make rules about the rationing of social assistance, urban finances appear to have an impact upon (or at least to correlate with) administrators’ allocational decisions to groups among the poor. This influence of municipal financial health is exerted directly in the case of poor places, by enticing officials to attempt to save on funds; it also seems to operate indirectly in wealthier municipalities, by disposing richer cities’ authorities to design their urban areas as showcases, in the hope of attracting tourism and foreign investment.     

贫富分层背景下大学生人生哲学的定位

当代大学生群体贫富分层现象突出，在人数上呈现出“两头小、中间大”的结构特征，且贫学生与富学生之间的经济差异非常大。这种贫富分层严重冲击了大学生人生哲学的方方面面：社会观、价值观、人生观和幸福观等。应通过拓展勤工助学的精神引领价值、淡化大学生的贫富意识、加强人文教育、提升社会公众的生活格调和精神品位等工作，引导大学生在此背景下科学定位其人生哲学。     

GHETTOS,THRESHOLDS, AND CRIME: DOES CONCENTRATED POVERTY REALLY HAVE AN ACCELERATING INCREASING EFFECT ON CRIME?*

Theories make varying predictions regarding the functional form of the relationship between neighborhood poverty and crime rates, ranging from a diminishing positive effect, to a linear positive effect, to an exponentially increasing or even threshold effect. Nonetheless, surprisingly little empirical evidence exists testing this functional form. This study estimates the functional form of the relationship between poverty and various types of serious crime in a sample of census tracts for 25 cities, and it finds that a diminishing positive effect most appropriately characterizes this relationship whether estimating the models nonparametrically or parametrically. Only for the crime of murder does some evidence exist of an accelerating effect, although this occurs in the range of 20 to 40 percent in poverty, with a leveling effect on crime beyond this point of very high poverty. Thus, no evidence is found here in support of the postulate of scholars extending William Julius Wilson's (1987) insight that neighborhoods with very high levels of poverty will experience an exponentially higher rate of crime compared with other neighborhoods.     

市场导向下的山地农业区产业扶贫研究

产业扶贫作为解决山地农业区贫困的重要手段,通过开发符合市场需求的产业让农民脱贫致富。受市场发育不完善,产业发展供需不协调的影响,当前山地农业区扶贫产业市场导向不足、可持续性不强。从山地农业区的产业形态看,产业仍以传统种养殖业为主,重生产、轻销售,培育依靠行政主导。山地农业市场趋向弱、效益低与独特的自然地理环境、农业自身产业属性和社会组织条件相关。增强山地农业区扶贫产业市场导向需要解决好产品供需问题,优化发展环境,结合本地优势选择特色产业,注重拓宽销售渠道,完善产业保障体系,以产业的持续效益带动农民增收致富。     

Depressive Symptoms in Young,Urban Schoolchildren: Environmental,Social, and Cognitive Risk

This study examined relations among stressors, perceived social competence, attributional style, and depressive symptoms in young urban schoolchildren. Data were collected from 85 5- to 11-year-olds, mostly African American, who attended a public elementary school in a low-income urban area. Social competence was examined as a potential mediator, and attributional style was examined as a potential moderator of the relation between stressful life events and depressive symptoms. Separate analyses were conducted by age and gender. For older children and girls, main effects were found for stressful life events as predictors of depressive symptoms. Mediational analyses indicated that perceived peer acceptance served as a mediator of the relation between stressful life events and depressive symptoms for girls. In addition, attributional style moderated the relation between stressors and depressive symptoms in the older children. Together, findings suggest that significant relations exist among stressful life events, social and cognitive processes, and depressive symptoms in young urban children and that these relations are influenced by gender and development.     

“蝇虎齐打”态势下的司法反腐

我国的反腐败模式已由“权力反腐”转入“法治反腐”,在“蝇虎齐打”态势下,司法反腐在腐败治理模：戈中究竟应居何种地位,发挥什么作用？解读公权与腐败两者关系,分析立法权、司法权及行政权在反腐败进程中各自的利害与作用,并以受贿罪的量刑规范化为视点,将进一步明确司法反腐在国家反腐败整体战略中的地位与作用。     

关注绿色贫困:贫困问题研究新视角

该文基于绿色贫困的内涵和特征,研究绿色贫困主要类型、形成机理.结合新时期国家扶贫战略,提出实施生态补偿、生态建设与绿色产业发展相结合的绿色贫困治理模式.     

免于贫困的权利及其法律保障机制

减少贫困问题是一个国际学术热点。现有的"基于人权的减贫方法"无论是在法律本体论还是规范实效性上都具有不可克服的缺陷,应当转变为"免于贫困的权利方法"。免于贫困的权利是人类享有维持体面生活所必需的物质资料和文化产品,并通过获得均等的减贫机会,参与、促进减贫并分享减贫成果之积极行为来实现的权利。该权利与人的尊严密切相关,具备人权的逻辑要素,且不能被国际人权公约所列举的人权形式所替代或覆盖,因而是一项独立的人权。应当在全球层面构建免于贫困权利的新型义务谱系和法律实施机制。