可行能力提升视域下我国城镇相对贫困的识别标准与治理路径

在新型城镇化与城镇结构转型深入推进的背景下,城镇相对贫困的隐患日渐显现。现阶段我国缓解城镇相对贫困面临识别标准缺失与治理体系缺位两大现实困境。基于阿玛蒂亚·森的可行能力理论,构建包含收入与福利维度的经济条件、政治权益、社会机会、防护性保障及透明性保证共15项指标的城镇多维相对贫困指标体系,旨在为精准识别我国城镇相对贫困群体提供标尺。以提升个体可行能力为主要内容的协同治理体系包括以下几个方面的内容:以国家为主导,提供提升个体可行能力的制度性保障;以个体为核心,培育个体的内生可行能力;以市场为媒介,提升重新赋予个体可行能力的效率;以社会为依托,拓宽提升个体可行能力的渠道。在消除绝对贫困的新时期,应据此形成缓解我国城镇相对贫困的治理路径。     

内生性脱贫视角下的农村妇女与合作组织——以山西PH与河南HN两个农民合作社为例

精准脱贫工作的重要内容是激发贫困群众脱贫的内生动力,防止返贫现象发生。当前在农村大量男性劳动力外流的背景下,很多农村妇女已成为乡村家庭及其社区的中坚力量,也成为农村脱贫工作中的重要群体。如何激发农村妇女的内生动力成为当前精准扶贫工作中的一项重要内容。本文以内生性脱贫的视角对山西省永济市和河南省灵宝市两个由当地农村妇女主导创办的合作组织进行观察后发现:合作组织的形式可以有效地激发农村妇女的内生动力。自发形成的妇女合作组织更倾向于以社会建设和文化建设为工作抓手,重塑乡村社区公共文化空间,以此为基础形成可持续、生态化的乡村产业与就业创新模式。可以看到,农村妇女身上蕴藏着的智慧与力量,经过合作组织的形式激发,成为村庄脱贫和社区良性治理的内生动力,这是乡村振兴发展的重要路径。     

当前我国非直接利益冲突频发的体制性根源

近年频发的非直接利益冲突是社会矛盾的新形态,是改革开放过程中经济—政治—行政—社会等体制性弊端日积月累的必然产物。这些弊端主要表现为经济利益高度分化所导致的"相对剥夺感"、参与制度供给不足所导致的"权利贫困"、公共权力异化和政府治理能力滞后所导致的"合法性危机"及公民社会发育不良所导致的"公共空间萎缩"。     

精准扶贫视角下县域驻村扶贫干部胜任力研究——以辽宁HR县为例

为完成精准脱贫任务,各级党委和政府选派出大量驻村扶贫干部进驻贫困村、户进行帮扶。驻村扶贫干部胜任力存在差异,实际精准帮扶效果也明显不同。驻村扶贫干部在认知结构、素质结构、行为结构方面存在着胜任力不足的问题,导致驻村干部认知不清,角色混乱;素质不够,能力不足;行动不善,扎根不稳。相关部门需要采取积极措施,加快驻村干部角色转变、完善培训体系设计、加强思想政治教育和健全考核激励机制,确保驻村扶贫干部具备较强的胜任力,助力精准脱贫事业。     

生产—生活共同体与易地扶贫搬迁的后续帮扶——基于秦巴山区H县“138模式”的分析

“搬得出”“稳得住”“能致富”共同构成易地扶贫搬迁的政策目标。在政策支持下，易地扶贫搬迁基本完成“搬得出”的阶段性任务，但就可持续发展而言，“稳得住”“能致富”更为重要。以陕南秦巴山区H县“138模式”为案例，本文将搬迁户的经济生产、社区生活整合进“生产—生活共同体”的框架内，总结易地扶贫搬迁后续帮扶的微观机制。研究发现，党建引领提供了运行动力，组织再造提供了运行基础，协同治理构成了基本运行方式。以上述三项微观机制为基础，“138模式”能够为易地扶贫搬迁后续帮扶提供客观条件。生产—生活双重导向与安置社区内的空间聚敛，构成“138模式”不同于其他后续帮扶方式的重要特征。最后文章提出加大政策关注力度、构建“生产—生活共同体”、开展组织建设和鼓励协同参与等政策建议，以实现易地扶贫搬迁的长期目标。     

消费扶贫:政策、理论与实践

消费扶贫对于激发贫困群体的主体性、吸引社会力量参与精准扶贫、推动贫困地区产业结构调整等均有积极意义。在国务院专门出台文件推动的情况下,应进一步明晰消费扶贫的基本内涵和形成机理,注重解决有产无量、有品不优、体验不美、持续不久等问题,不断推动消费扶贫健康发展。     

关于罗斯福"新政"中抑制贫富分化的立法内容及其启示

1933年新上任的美国总统富兰克林·罗斯福在美国实施了经济制度的调整和改革,在这次制度大调整当中,法制建设和改革,特别是抑制贫富分化的法律制度建设功不可没.了解关于罗斯福"新政"中抑制贫富分化的立法内容,不仅使我们了解美国是如何加强总体的民主性、公正性法制建设的,同时,还可以了解美国在立法上是怎样直接以抑制贫富分化为目标,对市场经济体系实施一系列的调控和干预的.     

Of ‘Misguided Notions’ and Misguiding Nations: The Growth Report,Poverty and Climate Change

The Growth Report neither addresses the issue of growth and poverty, nor considers the implications of binding constraints on global carbon emissions, which invalidate the argument for global growth as a positive‐sum game. The polarisation of the debate on growth and poverty reflects different perspectives and priorities between economists, environmentalists and development professionals, and the absence of constructive dialogue between them. “Growth or no growth?” is the wrong question. Reconciling poverty eradication and tackling climate change requires us rather to ask what our ultimate objectives are, and how economic policy can best achieve them.     

Subsidized Housing and Residential Trajectories: An Application of Matched Sequence Analysis

Scholars have long debated the relative merits of site-based, subsidized housing owned and operated by a public entity or by the private sector. This is the first study to classify long-term residential trajectories of nationally representative low-income households in the United States by their initial assisted housing status. We employ a matched sequence analysis of neighborhood poverty and racial trajectories of low-income households in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics who formed during 1988–1992. Among households carefully matched by their demographic and economic attributes, we find that those first forming households in public housing spend much longer durations over the subsequent 20 years in poorer, minority dominant neighborhoods than similar households first forming in market-rate housing do. In contrast, forming a household in private site-based subsidized housing is associated with superior neighborhood socioeconomic (but not desegregated racial composition) trajectories compared with starting in market-rate housing. Implications for housing policy are discussed.     

The social–economic impact of shale gas extraction: a global perspective

This article explores the global social–economic impact of shale gas extraction, comparing the differing social and economic impacts shale gas extraction may have on communities in developed and developing countries. It argues that the benefits of fracking are more likely to be enjoyed by communities in highly and very highly developed countries rather than by those in countries with low or medium levels of development . Additionally, it shows that the potential risks and drawbacks of shale gas and its extraction are more likely to be experienced by communities in these latter countries than by those in highly or very highly developed countries. However, it also demonstrates that even communities in developed countries are vulnerable to environmental and health risks associated with shale gas extraction.