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1.
Abstract This paper provides a comprehensive evaluation of market segmentation and lender/purchaser specialization in the primary and secondary mortgage markets. It describes and assesses the 1990 Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) data, which for the first time provide detailed information on the borrower and neighborhood racial and income characteristics of mortgage loan originations and securitizations in the primary and secondary mortgage markets. Evidence presented in the paper indicates that home purchase loan origination rates for black applicants—and, to a lesser degree, Hispanic applicants—appear to be significantly lower than those of other racial or ethnic groups. Similarly, the HMDA data reveal that home purchase mortgage origination rates in predominantly minority census tracts are significantly lower than those in predominantly white neighborhoods. The HMDA data also indicate a striking reliance of black borrowers on government‐backed forms of mortgage credit. The paper further reveals that secondary market loan purchase distributions arrayed by borrower and neighborhood characteristics generally reflect those of home mortgage originations. The borrower and locational characteristics of home purchase loans acquired by the Government National Mortgage Association (GNMA) directly reflect that agency's legislated specialization in government‐backed loans, whereas the characteristics of loans acquired by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac for the most part derive from the borrower and geographic composition of conventional home purchase loan originations. Findings of analyses of HMDA data raise concern regarding the access of minority and low‐income households and neighborhoods to mortgage finance. Those results also raise some question as to whether the federally chartered agencies in the secondary market are adequately promoting the availability of mortgage credit to low‐ and moderate‐income and minority households. 相似文献
2.
ZhongXiang Zhang 《Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies》2014,1(3):439-454
The Chinese leadership in November 2013 is determined to embark upon a new wave of comprehensive reforms in China. This is clearly reflected by the key decision of the Third Plenum of the 18th Central Committee of Communist Party of China to assign the market a decisive role in allocating resources. To have the market to play that role, getting the energy prices right is crucial. While the overall trend of China's energy pricing reform since 1984 has been moving towards a more market‐oriented pricing mechanism, the pace and scale of the reform differ across energy types. This article discusses the evolution of price reforms for coal, petroleum products, natural gas and electricity in China, provides some analysis of these energy price reforms, and suggests that few areas of reforms could take place in order to have the market play that decisive role and help China's transition to a low‐carbon economy. 相似文献
3.
The objective of this paper is to show the importance of generics in relation to the need to enlarge access to pharmaceuticals in Morocco and its neighbor countries. This is achieved through the introduction of a simplified theoretical market structure model with its pricing implications and its empirical application to available data. The attained results show the effective price decrease of generics relative to the originator drug as means to enlarge access to medicines. This is not the only way for ensuring access to pharmaceuticals, as reduction of the prices of the originals is also important. The study recognizes that the monitoring of pharmaceuticals and their generics are crucial institutional regulatory functions that need to be addressed and emphasized. 相似文献
4.
吉林省证券期货领域犯罪特点及打防对策 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
吉林省证券期货领域犯罪,通过操纵证券期货交易的价格、连续交易、联手洗售、互相委托、虚买虚卖等一系列的欺诈手段,挪用客户资金,危害广大投资者的合法权益。吉林通海高科技股份公司为达到上市目的,申报材料中虚增主营业务利润5.5亿元,获得证监会批准后,募集资金16.88亿元,诈骗资金触目惊心。分析查找吉林省证券期货领域犯罪的原因,总结犯罪的基本特点和规律,研究打击防范证券期货领域犯罪的问题,已成为公安机关经侦部门的一项重要课题。 相似文献
5.
《Global Crime》2013,14(2):90-114
ABSTRACTInternational cocaine trafficking has been well-studied, but little is known about cocaine flows within Colombia, the largest producer and exporter of cocaine in the world. Using a unique dataset on the monthly wholesale prices of cocaine across 32 municipios in 2016, this paper estimates patterns of flows of cocaine within Colombia. For the 496 possible resulting pairs of municipios, price differentials are used to infer direction of flow, and price correlations are used to infer connectedness. Among the new findings, 38 suspected municipio-to-municipio flows that are new to the literature are identified. Interestingly, cocaine is inferred to flow through two distinct networks: one that originates in Buenaventura and the other in three points in southern and eastern Colombia. These networks may correspond to distinct criminal trafficking systems, a finding that has potential implications for drug control policies and measures. 相似文献
6.
姚颉靖 《北京政法职业学院学报》2013,(4):50-54
随着医疗改革的不断深入,专利药品价格已成为国内外学界和产业界关注的焦点。本文利用1999年至2010年美国面板数据对专利药品价格影响要素进行了实证分析,结果显示,专利保护期限、仿制药价格、人均国内生产总值对专利药品价格变动具有显著影响。在此基础之上提出相关的政策建议。 相似文献
7.
张卓元 《中国延安干部学院学报》2012,(2):90-92,121
为贯彻中央提出的今年经济社会发展要突出把握好稳中求进的工作总基调,2012年中国经济的首要任务是稳定经济并保持经济平稳增长。为此,要继续稳定物价,在经济稳定条件下加大转方式调结构力度,提供更多的公共产品和服务,进一步改善民生。同时,经济改革要有新突破：要对一些难度较大改革,比如垄断行业改革、居民收入分配制度改革、政府职能转换改革、中央和地方财政管理体制改革等做好顶层设计总体规划;要积极推进有利于稳中求进的改革,包括稳步推进利率市场化改革,推进资源产品价格改革;继续调整和优化财政支出结构,更好地为稳增长稳物价转方式惠民生服务。 相似文献
8.
《北京周报(英文版)》2014,(10):11
正China’s Electric Vehicle Dilemma Caixin February 102014 marks the fourth year since Chinalaunched its industrialization of electric vehicles.However,even in pilot cities like Beijingand Shanghai,it remains difficult for consumers to buy an electric vehicle.In order to promote electric vehicles,which are more expensive than traditionalfuel-burning vehicles,both the central andlocal governments have provided subsidies toelectric vehicle purchasers.For example,for an 相似文献
9.
ANAIS CHAILLOLEAU 《今日中国(英文版)》2014,(3):60-61
正LAST month I was invited out for a Korean barbecue by a 23-year-old Chinese friend of mine,Huang Xuesong.I gladly accepted the invitation and we had dinner together.After a good meal,it was time to pay the bill.As I rummaged in my bag for my purse,my friend stopped me:"No,it’s okay.I’ve already paid over the Internet,"he said.I won- 相似文献
10.
李全根 《中国井冈山干部学院学报》2008,1(4):81-86
一般认为,我国食用油市场价格异常波动的成因在于国际市场食用油价格的大幅波动以及食用油料非食用原料化的影响。但深层次的原因更在于长期以来重粮轻油的战略性失误,进而过度依赖国际市场食用油资源,酿成了我国食用油价格受制于国际市场食用油价格的被动局面。此外,现行食用油储备体制缺乏必要的应急应变功能,未能起到及时调控市场、稳定市场的积极作用。为确保食用油安全,应当坚定不移地立足国内,在统筹食用油生产发展的基础上,有利、有节、适度利用国际市场食用油资源平衡供求。与此同时,要深化储备油管理体制改革,切实提升宏观调控能力和水平,改善调控机制,有效稳定市场,保障民生。 相似文献