The Psychology of Terrorism: “Syndrome” Versus “Tool” Perspectives

ABSTRACT

Two psychological perspectives on terrorism are distinguished, approaching it as a “syndrome” and as a “tool,” respectively. According to the “syndrome” view, terrorism represents a psychologically meaningful construct with identifiable characteristics on individual and group levels of analysis. According to the “tool” perspective, terrorism represents a strategic instrument that any party in a conflict with another may use. Research thus far has found little support for the “syndrome” view. Terrorists do not seem to be characterized by a unique set of psychological traits or pathologies. Nor has research uncovered any particular “root causes” of terrorism. The vast heterogeneity of terrorism's users is consistent with the “tool” view, affording an analysis of terrorism in terms of means-ends psychology. The “tool” view implies conditions under which potential perpetrators may find terrorism more or less appealing, hence offering guidance for the “war on terrorism.”     

Exposure to the Newer Media in a Presidential Primary Campaign

Cable television news channels and online news sites appear to offer interested voters the ability to follow presidential election campaigns more closely than ever before. However, survey research looking at the extent to which Americans are taking advantage of these newer media is incomplete. Rarely is new media use adequately assessed in surveys, and no extant study has simultaneously examined exposure to contemporary news channels over the course of several weeks. The present study uses an aggregate-level analysis of naturally occurring news consumption behavior to determine whether public selection of broadcast news programs, cable news channels, and online news outlets follows the primary election schedule and fluctuations in voter interest in the election. The results suggest that people turn to cable news and online political content during key political events (i.e., the Super Tuesday primary period) but less so when the political stakes are much lower. In addition, the data reveal that news reading at local news sites during key events takes on a more local character than does reading at other times. In sum, the study demonstrates that aggregate-level use of the newer media is responsive to changes in the political environment. Audiences seem willing to take advantage of a growing number of options for finding information about politics.     

Mind the Gap: Using UK Parliamentary Sources to Enhance Teaching

Online primary parliamentary sources can be of great value in teaching Parliament-related courses and a valuable means of promoting the development of students' research and analytical skills; particularly taking into account the research habits of the modern student population. Through a series of focus groups with politics students and a national survey of politics lecturers, the perceptions and current use of the UK Parliament website in teaching are analysed. It was found that a considerable number of lecturers are making use of the website for teaching purposes, though this is usually at a very basic and often superficial level. Barriers to the use of parliamentary resources include a lack of awareness of the types and variety of parliamentary material, difficulties in finding appropriate material on the Parliament website and a lack of understanding on the part of lecturers as to how to use this material effectively in lectures and seminars.     

食管癌患者放化疗后中医证型的相关影响因素

目的 观察消风散加减方联合依巴斯汀治疗风热型荨麻疹的临床疗效。 方法 将63例风热型荨麻疹患者按随机数字表法随机分为治疗组（n=32）和对照组（n=31）,对照组患者口服依巴斯汀,治疗组口服依巴斯汀和消风散加减方,疗程2周。治疗前、治疗7 d末、治疗14 d末,分别观察两组患者荨麻疹活动度评分（urticaria activity score,UAS）和皮肤病生活质量指数（the dermatology life quality index,DLQI）,治疗7 d和14 d末,分别观察两组临床疗效。 结果 治疗前和治疗7 d末,两组UAS及DLQI比较,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）;治疗14 d末,两组UAS和DLQI比较,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。治疗7 d末和14 d末,两组UAS和DLQI均较前一时点显著降低（P<0.05）。治疗14 d末,两组临床疗效比较,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）,治疗组临床疗效优于对照组。两组荨麻疹痊愈时间以及复发率比较,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。 结论 消风散加减方联合依巴斯汀治疗急性荨麻疹疗效确切,其长期疗效优于单用依巴斯汀。     

Fat embolism syndrome associated with atraumatic compartment syndrome of the bilateral upper extremities: An unreported etiology

Fat embolism syndrome (FES) is a potentially life-threatening condition that develops when fat embolism leads to clinical symptoms and multisystem dysfunction. The classic triad of respiratory distress, neurologic symptoms, and petechial rash are non-specific, and the lack of specific laboratory tests makes the diagnosis of FES difficult. Although FES is most common after long bone fractures, multiple conditions some of which are atraumatic have been associated with the development of FES. We report a case of FES that occurred in the setting of a non-traumatic compartment syndrome of the upper extremities. The pathologic and clinical findings, pathophysiology, diagnostic challenges, and pathologic methods to properly diagnose FES are discussed with a review of the relevant literature. This case highlights the importance of the autopsy in making a diagnosis of FES in cases where death could otherwise be incorrectly attributed to multi-organ system failure, shock, or sepsis.     

A Comparison of Hypothermic Deaths in South Australia and Sweden

Case files from Forensic Science South Australia and the Swedish National Forensic Database were reviewed over a 6‐year period from 2006 to 2011 for cases where hypothermia either caused, or significantly contributed to, death. Data were analyzed for age, sex, time of year/season, place of discovery, circumstances of death, and underlying medical conditions. Despite the considerable demographic, geographic, and climatological differences, hypothermic deaths occurred at very similar rates in South Australia (3.9/100,000) and Sweden (3.3/100,000). Deaths from hypothermia in South Australia occurred predominantly indoors at home addresses, involving elderly females with multiple underlying illnesses and limited outside contacts. In contrast, Swedish hypothermic deaths generally occurred outdoors and involved middle‐aged elderly males. These data show that hypothermia may be a risk in warmer climates particularly for elderly, socially isolated individuals.     

对虾白斑综合征病毒LAMP检测方法的建立

根据对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)囊膜蛋白VP28的基因序列设计合成4条特异性引物,以pMDT-VP28重组质粒为标准模板,通过优化反应体系和反应条件,建立了WSSV的环介导等温扩增(LAMP)检测方法,测定LAMP对WSSV-DNA的最低检测限,并与巢式PCR进行了比较。结果显示,该LAMP方法的最佳反应温度为65℃,反应时间为60min;LAMP对WSSV的最低检测限为10copies/μL,而巢式PCR为100copies/μL,表明该LAMP方法的敏感性显著高于巢式PCR检测方法。因此,WSSV的LAMP检测方法比PCR更为简便、快速、灵敏,且无需昂贵的变温仪器,更适应水产养殖的现地检测,本研究为WSSV早期感染的快速检测提供了新方法。     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒变异株实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法的建立

根据猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)变异株和经典毒株的序列差异,分别设计了1对特异性鉴别引物和1条TaqMan探针,建立了检测PRRSV变异株的荧光定量RT-PCR方法,并对该方法进行了特异性、敏感性、重复性试验。结果表明,建立的方法可鉴别诊断PRRSV变异株和经典毒株,具有较高的特异性;可以检测相当于1TCID50的病毒模板,比常规RT-PCR方法的灵敏度高100倍;对同一样品进行4次重复试验,变异系数(CV)<10%,具有较好的重复性。应用建立的荧光定量RT-PCR和常规RT-PCR对13份PRRS疑似病例肺组织进行平行检测,结果荧光定量RT-PCR检出11份阳性,高于常规RT-PCR方法。本研究建立的荧光定量RT-PCR方法能检测高致病性PRRSV变异株,不仅特异性好、灵敏度高,而且快速简便,可用于变异PRRSV的临床诊断和流行病学调查。     

2004-2010年浙江省及其周边地区PRRSV GP5基因的分子进化与变异分析

用RT-PCR方法对分离自浙江省及其周边地区部分猪场的50个猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)毒株和3个疫苗毒株的GP5基因进行了扩增、克隆和序列分析,并与国内外的代表性毒株进行了序列比对。结果表明,2004-2010年检测的PRRSV毒株均属于美洲型,大部分毒株属于亚群1,各毒株间的核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别在81.6%～100%和72.1%～99.5%之间,浙江省及其周边地区亚群1毒株与我国最早分离到的美洲型毒株CH-1a的核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为84.5%～95.7%和78.6%～95.0%,与疫苗株的核苷酸和氨基酸的同源性分别为88.1%～99.2%和85.4%～99.0%。糖基化位点以及抗原表位都有一定程度上的变异。     

中国共产党领导改革开放的基本经验

中国共产党在领导波澜壮阔的改革开放进程中,以破解社会主义初级阶段基本矛盾为主线,在坚持社会主义基本制度的前提下,大力革除生产关系和上层建筑中不适应生产力发展的因素,积累了宝贵经验。深刻总结并丰富发展改革开放的宝贵经验,继续把改革开放伟大事业推向前进,中国共产党必将在新的征程中书写更加壮美的历史画卷。