Asymmetries in prior conviction reasoning: truth suppression effects in child protection contexts

Abstract

In three empirical studies we examined how people reason about prior convictions in child abuse cases. We tested whether the disclosure of similar prior convictions prompts a mental representation or an additive probative value (Criminal Justice Act, 2003). Asymmetrical use of similar priors were observed in three studies. A pilot study showed that disclosure of a second prior did not contribute a weight equivalent to that of the first disclosure. Study 1 showed jurors did not see left-handed evidence (i.e. matching victim bruising) as more indicative of guilt than right-handedness unless a prior conviction was present, and the presence of priors suppressed the generation of alternative possibilities indicative of innocence. Study 2 showed that disclosure did not decrease community ratings of re-offending propensity and dangerousness as much as a similar prior conviction increased them. We consider the results in the context of a new psychological theory of prior conviction bias and the consequences for the implementation of Section 100 of the Criminal Justice Act (2003).     

中美现有技术抗辩制度之比较

本文从中关专利无效宣告制度的差异入手,分析了现有技术抗辩制度在中关专利法中的不同地位及其不同功能。现有技术抗辩制度的适用规则由该制度在专利法中的地位和功能所决定。本文通过回顾中美适用现有技术抗辨制度的部分典型案例,分析了两国在现有技术抗辩制度适用规则上的差异,以及这些差异给我国带来的启示。     

股东派生诉讼的法理探析

股东派生诉讼已被我国司法实践所接受 ,但我国公司法及相关法律几乎没有涉及到股东派生诉讼 ,这给司法实践带来困惑。而西方公司法及其理论相当成熟 ,在修改公司法或作出司法解释时应当借鉴这些理论及做法。因此从法理上探寻股东派生诉权的源由 ,梳理派生诉讼的股东主体资格条件 ,明确提起派生诉讼的前置程序 ,厘定被告主体及其侵害行为的范围 ,对于司法实践和完善立法都有现实意义     

论行政诉讼中先予执行制度的几个问题

先予执行,是指人民法院在判决确定之前裁定由给付义务的人,预先给对方部分财物,或者为一定行为的法律制度。先予执行在行政诉讼中并未引起应有重视,也没有发挥出其应有的价值。从行政诉讼角度重新审视先予执行制度,会发现有一些问题存在,尚需完善,尤其是先予执行的行为,尽管有很强的实践意义,但实施起来却困难重重。     

The influence of police interventions and alternative income sources on the dynamic process of choosing crime as a career

This paper demonstrates how a rational process of choice may be influenced by both deterrence forces and economic opportunities. This choice is modeled by a dynamic (Markov) process which captures self-sorting by youth among the categories of innocents, desisters, and persisters. in crime. A key to the results is the introduction of the perceived probability of punishment and its influence on the sorting process. The analysis shows how this force and the availability, or lack of, economic opportunities or income sources modify transition probabilities. The long-run consequences will be a larger subpopulation of individuals who have experimented with crime but subsequently revert to crime-free behavior and a smaller subpopulation of individuals who commit a greater share of crime. Empirical evidence is based on data from the New Youth Cohort of the National Longitudinal Surveys.     

商标法调整域名争议的实证分析

域名注册与在先商标的争议,司法实践先于法律,司法判例尽管并不一致,但均对驰名商标以特别保护,其保护均体现出商标法上保护的痕迹。但并非所有的商标都享有同等的保护,原因在于商标侵权理论的“误认”标准。《商标法》天然适用于域名侵权争议的本质———商业领域扩展的必然结果。《商标法》调整域名侵权争议的范围是有限的。     

The influence of contextual information regarding the breakdown of relationships and perpetrator-target sex composition on perceptions of relational stalking

ABSTRACT

The present study examines the influence of prior relationship (with contextual information regarding the breakdown of the relationship) and perpetrator-target sex composition on perceptions of relational stalking. The study employed an experimental 7?×?2 independent measures design, and the sample comprised 1,260 members of the community residing in Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States. Participants received one of 14 versions of a hypothetical scenario and responded to scale items concerning the situation described. The situation was perceived to be most serious when the perpetrator was a stranger or a physically violent ex-partner and least serious when the perpetrator was an ex-partner of an unfaithful target. Scenarios involving a male perpetrator and a female victim were also perceived to be more serious than scenarios involving a female perpetrator and a male target. It is apparent therefore that the context of the relationship breakdown and the sex of the perpetrator and target significantly influence perceptions of relational stalking.     

规范与控制行政契约优益权

行政契约是市场经济理念向公共领域渗透的结果,是一种富有弹性的政府管理手段。为了保障一方当事人的合法权益和防止权力滥用,对行政契约优益权的规范与控制应作为配套措施与其使用同步进行。     

China and Venezuela,a True Modeland Example of Mutual Respect

正THE history of diplomatic relations between the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and the People’s Republic of China is divided into three stages.The first,the formal establishment of relations between the two countries,was in 1974,and purely formal,even reticent,perhaps due to heavy dependence on the governments of Western powers prior to the Bolivarian Revolution.This period ended in 1999,with the rise to power of Supreme Commander Hugo Chavez,who from the beginning had the objective of strengthening ties between the two countries and achieving more and more optimal levels.     

预售商品房买受人期待权的民法保护

商品房预售是房地产开发的一种主要筹资方式。商品房预售合同签订后,作为买卖标的物的商品房尚未建成,买受人仅取得预售商品房所有权的期待权。尽管物权法和债权法有些概括性规定对预售商品房期待权的保护起了一定作用,但远不能最大限度地保护买受人所享有的期待利益。完善我国民事立法的相关规定,有助于从根本上维护预售商品房买受人的期待权,实现买受人最终获得商品房所有权的目的。