公共服务背景下再议村民委员会作为行政诉讼被告资格

作为自治组织——村委会能否成为行政诉讼的被告,争论很多。村委会虽然不是行政机关．但它是国家政治体系的有机组成部分,在正常的职责活动中履行着相应的行政管理职能,有相对独立的行政职权。在公共服务背号下,村委会办理公共事务和公益事业,以实现其“公共职能”为直接目的行为,是一种准行政行为。所以．村委会在履行某些行政职能并以自己名义作出具体行政行为,发生争议引起诉讼时,应当成为行政诉讼的被告。     

浅议中央与地方纠纷之协商解决模式

构建中央与地方纠纷的协商解决模式具有极大的可行性,但是同时又面临着极大的理论和实践阻力。尤为要注意的是,学界将这种协商与政治协商作等同的倾向是存在误区的。同时,在法制化的语境中,在“协商之后的法制化”与“法制框架下的协商”之间也体现出了更多的外在制度区别与内在理念融合并存的特点。     

非政府组织介入WTO争端解决机制的实证分析及其利弊考量

WTO争端解决机制正式运作以来,许多非政府组织不断以向争端解决机构提交“法庭之友”陈述的方式介入到争端解决程序中来。一方面,非政府组织的介入可以提请法官注意到争端当事方可能忽略的法律、环保、人权等问题,提高裁决的质量并增强WTO的透明度;另一方面,这种介入也可能会给当事方造成额外的诉讼负担,影响裁决的效率等等。因此,如何在允许非政府组织以“法庭之友”身份介入争端解决机制的情况下做到公平与效率的平衡才是我们所要解决的根本问题。     

Third-Party Intermediaries and Negotiated Settlements, 1946–2000

Past studies regarding the success and/or failure of conflict management activities have brought about a wide range of results. In this paper we attempt to gain more definitive conclusions about effectiveness by accomplishing two tasks. First, using a basic theoretical framework we identify expectations of efficacy as they relate to differences between states, coalitions, and IGOs. Second, we also examine the utility of different conflict management techniques in an effort to place in greater perspective the effectiveness of mediation, the most utilized technique of third party intermediaries. Using a new dataset on third-party intermediary behavior in militarized disputes from 1946 to 2000, we find that while all conflict managers are useful in assisting belligerents in reaching a negotiated settlement, IGOs are the most effective. Additionally, while mediation is an effective technique to produce settlements, military intermediary actions, such as peacekeeping, are much more useful.     

External Intervention in Ethnic Conflict

Recently, ethnicity has received greater attention from international conflict scholars. This study explores a new aspect of how ethnic composition of states and the power of ethnic kin affect external state interventions in ethnic conflicts. Here it is hypothesized that states with dominant ethnic groups but still-significant ethnic minorities are expected to be more prone to intervention in ethnic conflict than states without one of these two characteristics. A new measure is proposed to capture such variation in ethnic composition more precisely. Looking at large-N panel data, it is found that ethnically fractionalized states with dominant ethnic groups are indeed the most likely to intervene in ethnic conflicts. Additionally, the power of the embattled ethnic kin minority, as determined by its settlement patterns in the host state, also increases the likelihood of intervention. Traditional variables like proximity and capability retain statistical significance. However, ethnic variables have the strongest effects on interventions in ethnic conflict.     

Evaluating integrative services in edge-of-care work

Children living on ‘the edge-of-care’ are typically known to local safeguarding authorities and are considered likely to face risks to their safety. Many are subject to a child protection plan and/or involved in ‘pre-proceedings’ processes. A growing number of their parents face (un)diagnosed mental health difficulties as well as economic and social precarity. This article draws on a mixed methods evaluation of a pilot service in the East of England offering a therapeutically led attachment-based intervention for families. The service cross-cuts health and social care, allowing psychologists and psychotherapists to work alongside social workers and other practitioners. The evaluation examined psychological and safeguarding outcomes and explored practitioner perspectives. A key outcome was that 85.4% of families were enabled to remain, or reunite with their child, compared with an estimated 50% of ‘edge-of-care’ cases nationally. This supports the need for similarly oriented interventions that could help lower the incidence of child removals.     

改进现行劳动争议处理制度的思考与对策

针对社会转型期劳动争议的特点,改革现行“先裁后审”的单轨处理劳动争议体制,建立“或裁或审”的劳动争议双轨处理体制;审理劳动争议案件实施必要的举证责任倒置,以利于维护劳动者合法权益,促进用人单位严格依法履行劳动合同,预防和减少劳动争议案件的发生;借鉴香港的做法,建立快速处理个人劳动争议的劳动法庭等改进和完善处理制度的对策建议,以促进构建社会主义和谐社会。     

A Review of “Setting the Standard: Certification,Governance, and the Forest Stewardship Council”

Abstract

As the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) establishes itself as one of the premier regimes in international law, member states are increasingly availing themselves of the significant dispute settlement provisions found in Part XV. The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) is beginning to take its place in the pantheon of major international tribunals. Although its jurisprudence thus far has largely consisted of applications for prompt release of vessels, these cases have arisen from disagreements over fishery practices and the enforcement of fishery laws by coastal states. The ITLOS is developing into a transparent, consistent and speedy forum to adjudicate marine disputes arising from UNCLOS. While the overall scope and reach of Part XV may be uncertain at the present time, especially vis‐à‐vis other dispute settlement institutions, the early activity under Part XV is promising. Those concerned with marine wildlife issues should be encouraged by the potential of Part XV, the ITLOS in particular, to serve as an effective regime in the realm of marine wildlife dispute settlement.     

审查起诉阶段刑事和解制度实施之困境与对策——以新刑诉法修改为背景

在理论论证与实践探索的双重支撑下,与恢复正义价值暗合的当事人和解制度终在新刑诉法中占得特别程序之席,比之既往的暗中摸索,新刑诉法使和解程序行之有依,操之有序,但法律规定确显粗糙,和解双方当事人对制度不解甚至产生误解,实施中与检察机关内部旧有考核制度冲突等问题亦渐渐浮现。为此,检察机关须先内而外,完善案件审查,加强和解监督,改革考核指标,方能为此制度成长提供广阔之天地。     

对建立刑事诉讼专家辅助人制度的思考——以全国首例专家辅助人参与刑事案件为视角

新《刑事诉讼法》中明确了专家辅助人制度的雏形,但是条文的规定简单概括。有关专家辅助人的资格、介入诉讼的方式、权利和义务、启动方式和其意见的可采性等相关问题都没有详细的规定,使其在司法实践运作环节出现许多障碍。构建专家辅助人制度前应准确理解其概念,明确专家辅助人的法律地位,充分认识构建专家辅助人制度的必要性,并建立配套的专家辅助人援助制度。