HLA-A位点DNA分型及其法医学应用

应用聚合酶链反应0寡核苷酸探针（PCR－SSO）斑点杂交技术，对222名辽宁地区汉族人群无关个体进行HLA－A基因检测，研究中国辽宁地区汉族群体的HLA－A座位基因分布状况。共检出HLA－A等位基因24个，其中以等位基因HLA－A0201最为常见，频率为0．2635；依次是2402101和1101，等位基因频率分别为0．1847和0．1262.理论杂合度为87％，个人鉴别机率为92％，非父排除率为73．3％。在中国辽宁汉族中检出73种基因型，对观察值和期望值进行X2检验，符合Hardy－Weinberg平衡定律（x2＝6．28，df＝9，0．5＜P＜0．75）。家系分析结果表明按照孟德尔方式遗传。提出的中国辽宁汉族HLA－A等位基因的遗传基因情况，可用于法医学个人识别和亲子鉴定。人类学，HLA相关疾病，及器官移植研究。     

夺取严打整治斗争的更大胜利

一场严打整治斗争已全面展开,要夺取这场斗争的更大胜利,必须进一步提高思想认识,集中斗争锋芒,开展治爆缉枪行动,加大治安整治力度,加强队伍教育管理.     

信息时代隐私权保护面临的挑战与应对

信息社会中人类生活的信息化、个人信息商品化、个人信息公用化、网络人格虚拟化等特征为隐私权的发展提供了时代背景并对隐私权的保护提出了挑战。信息社会的隐私权具备了不同于传统隐私权的特点：涉及范围扩充、积极权能增强、权利相对化等，因此，对于隐私权的保护也需要采取多样化的手段，以应对信息社会中隐私权保护所面临的隐私侵权问题严重、行为规范与伦理道德缺失等挑战。保护信息时代隐私权，既需要完善立法、建构隐私权保护的综合体系，同时还需要民众教育、技术开发、行业自律等环节的互相配合。     

西安汉人D1S80位点基因频率调查

利用PCR技术、小型聚丙烯酰胶凝胶电泳及银染法，检测D1S80位点的VNTR扩增片段长度多态性（Amp－FLP）。在175名无关的西安地区汉族人群中发现了22个等位基因，片段大小分布于320～750bp之间，频率分布为0．0057～03314，杂合度为82．3％，个人识别率（DP）为0.9588，非父排除率（EPP）为0．6704。对7个家系23名相关个体分析，证实DIS80位点的遗传符合孟德尔方式。已发现的64种基因型分布符合Hardg－Weinberg定律。     

“重重”：世界范围内教育刑主义的反动

面对严重危及社会生存与发展、民众安宁与秩序的一些严重犯罪,"重重"是世界范围内的一种刑事政策选择现实与趋势."重重"绝非一种重刑主义政策,其核心含义与要求是严密法网并严格责任.其基本的理论假定是:既然刑罚的矫治罪犯、回归犯罪人并预防犯罪的目的对有些犯罪与犯罪人难以达到,那么起码有一点能够做到,那就是,让刑罚发挥其能够起到的惩罚犯罪的作用,从而更好地保护社会.     

Genotypic Polymorphisms of Hepatitis B Virus Provide Useful Information for Estimating Geographical Origin or Place of Long‐term Residence of Unidentified Cadavers

Increasing numbers of unidentified cadavers are a major problem. We have developed a new method for providing identification information that can determine the geographical origin or place of long‐term residence of unidentified cadavers based on genotypic polymorphisms of hepatitis B virus (HBV) known to correlate with their geographical distribution. PCR of serum samples detected HBV DNA from 4 (3.9%) of 102 randomly selected Japanese forensic cadavers. Multiplex PCR did not detect multiple HBV genotypes from any single cadaver, confirming the absence of coinfection. Phylogenetic tree analysis based on a 485‐bp mutant region of the HBV S gene successfully classified the HBV genotypes into A to J. Among 10 HBV‐infected cadavers, 8 had genotype Ce/C2, a genotype prevalent in East Asia, and 2 had genotype Bj/B1, a Japanese‐specific genotype. HBV genotypic polymorphisms correlate with the geographical distribution of the virus and thus provide important information for identifying unidentified cadavers infected with HBV.     

Screening Biological Stains with qPCR versus Lateral Flow Immunochromatographic Test Strips: A Quantitative Comparison using Analytical Figures of Merit

Biological fluid identification is an important facet of evidence examination in forensic laboratories worldwide. While identifying bodily fluids may provide insight into which downstream DNA methods to employ, these screening techniques consume a vital portion of the available evidence, are usually qualitative, and rely on visual interpretation. In contrast, qPCR yields information regarding the amount and proportion of amplifiable genetic material. In this study, dilution series of either semen or male saliva were prepared in either buffer or female blood. The samples were subjected to both lateral flow immunochromatographic test strips and qPCR analysis. Analytical figures of merit—including sensitivity, minimum distinguishable signal (MDS) and limit of detection (LOD)—were calculated and compared between methods. By applying the theory of the propagation of random errors, LODs were determined to be 0.05 μL of saliva for the RSID? Saliva cards, 0.03 μL of saliva for Quantifiler^® Duo, and 0.001 μL of semen for Quantifiler^® Duo. In conclusion, quantitative PCR was deemed a viable and effective screening method for subsequent DNA profiling due to its stability in different matrices, sensitivity, and low limits of detection.     

Validation of Real‐time PCR Assays for Bioforensic Detection of Model Plant Pathogens

The U.S. agricultural sector is vulnerable to intentionally introduced microbial threats because of its wide and open distribution and economic importance. To investigate such events, forensically valid assays for plant pathogen detection are needed. In this work, real‐time PCR assays were developed for three model plant pathogens: Pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato, Xylella fastidiosa, and Wheat streak mosaic virus. Validation included determination of the linearity and range, limit of detection, sensitivity, specificity, and exclusivity of each assay. Additionally, positive control plasmids, distinguishable from native signature by restriction enzyme digestion, were developed to support forensic application of the assays. Each assay displayed linear amplification of target nucleic acid, detected 100 fg or less of target nucleic acid, and was specific to its target pathogen. Results obtained with these model pathogens provide the framework for development and validation of similar assays for other plant pathogens of high consequence.     

A Novel Method for Identifying Shahtoosh

Shahtoosh, the down hair of the Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii), is the noblest and most expensive wool in the world. The population of the animal has declined dramatically due to commercial poaching for the fiber. Traditional inspection for detection of shahtoosh has been performed by microscopic analysis. We developed a TaqMan real‐time PCR‐based DNA analysis method for identifying shahtoosh fibers. A set of probe and primers for the mitochondrial 12S ribosomal RNA gene that binds specifically to Tibetan antelope DNA was designed. A signal was detected with sensitivity to the 1:10,000 dilution of shahtoosh DNA. A fiber mixture of 1% of shahtoosh mixed with cashmere and even a single fiber can be detected with this method. The method is faster, more cost‐effective and more sensitive than other traditional sequencing methods and can be directly applied to identify shahtoosh and its processed products, which will be of value in illegal trade investigations.     

Phenolphthalein False‐Positive Reactions from Legume Root Nodules

Presumptive tests for blood play a critical role in the examination of physical evidence and in the determination of subsequent analysis. The catalytic power of hemoglobin allows colorimetric reactions employing phenolphthalein (Kastle‐Meyer test) to indicate “whether” blood is present. Consequently, DNA profiles extracted from phenolphthalein‐positive stains are presumed to be from blood on the evidentiary item and can lead to the identification of “whose” blood is present. Crushed nodules from a variety of legumes yielded phenolphthalein false‐positive reactions that were indistinguishable from true bloodstains both in color quality and in developmental time frame. Clothing and other materials stained by nodules also yielded phenolphthalein false‐positive reactivity for several years after nodule exposure. Nodules from leguminous plants contain a protein (leghemoglobin) which is structurally and functionally similar to hemoglobin. Testing of purified leghemoglobin confirmed this protein as a source of phenolphthalein reactivity. A scenario is presented showing how the presence of leghemoglobin from nodule staining can mislead investigators.