The entrepreneurial puzzle: explaining the gender gap

We document the substantial gender gap that exists among university scientists with regard to entrepreneurial activity using a variety of measures and explore factors leading to the disparity. We focus particularly on the biomedical sciences. The contextual explanation that women are under-represented in the types of positions from which faculty typically launch entrepreneurial activity is the most obvious. But the data suggest that for the biomedical sciences context is not sufficient in explaining the entrepreneurial gap. We look elsewhere to factors affecting supply and factors affecting demand. The former include gender differences in attitudes towards risk, competition, “selling” of “science,” type of research and geographic location. The latter include the role of networks, preferences of venture capitalists and “gender discounting.” We explore the associated hypotheses. We provide few tests and conclude that the research agenda is wide open and interesting.

Gender differences and patterns of arrest across two generations of Cuban immigrants in the United States

The present study is based on a secondary-data analysis of a subsample of Cuban immigrants residing in the United States. While there are no significant differences in arrest rates between U.S. natives of Cuban descent and their foreign-born counterparts, life transitions have a differential impact on behavioral outcomes when young men and women of Cuban ancestry are compared. Job instability increases the risk of arrest for men, while being a single parent increases the risk of arrest for women. Growing up in a two-parent family and marriage have crime protective effects for men, while religiosity decreases the probability of arrest for women. In both subsamples, having a family member arrested was the strongest predictor of one’s arrest status in early adulthood.     

THE ROLE OF TURNING POINTS IN ESTABLISHING BASELINE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PEOPLE IN DEVELOPMENTAL AND LIFE‐COURSE CRIMINOLOGY

Turning points, between‐person differences, and within‐person changes have all been linked to desistance from crime. Nevertheless, the means through which between‐person differences are frequently captured in life‐course criminology makes them intertwined with, and perhaps confounded by, turning points in life. We propose that a new way of capturing the between‐person effect—the baseline between‐person difference—could benefit theoretically informed tests of developmental and life‐course issues in criminology. Because they occur at one time point immediately preceding a turning point in life, we demonstrate that baseline between‐person differences establish meaningful theoretical connections to behavior and the way people change over time. By using panel data from the Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative, we estimate models capturing within‐person change and baseline between‐person differences in social bonds (family support) and differential association (peer criminality) at the time of release from prison. The results demonstrate that baseline levels of family support protect people from postrelease substance use but not from crime. Baseline between‐person differences and within‐person changes in peer criminality, however, are robustly related to crime and substance use. Collectively, baseline between‐person differences seem critical for behavior and within‐person change over time, and the results carry implications for reentry‐based policy as well as for theory testing in developmental criminology more broadly.     

Gender Differences in Delinquency and Situational Action Theory: A Partial Test

This paper investigates to what extent a recent perspective in criminology, Situational Action Theory, is valid for both males and females and to what extent elements from the theory explain gender differences in delinquency. Data are used from the first (N?=?843) and second (N?=?616) wave of the Study of Peers, Activities, and Neighborhoods, which included detailed data about core elements of Situational Action Theory (morality, self-control, unsupervised peer activity and peer deviancy), proposed indirect causes (bonds with parents and school, parental monitoring) and self-reported delinquency. Cross-sectional and lagged Tobit regression analyses show that the core relations with delinquency are not significantly different between boys and girls and that the elements of Situational Action Theory are able to explain gender differences in delinquency for a substantial part. However, there is still a remaining independent effect of gender on current and lagged delinquency.     

Much Ado about nothing? A multilevel analysis of the relationship between voluntary associations' characteristics and their members' generalized trust

The last 20 years of research on the micro-level relationship between involvement in voluntary associations and generalized trust has been characterized by a growing theory–data gap. This gap is especially problematic in terms of including diversity across voluntary associations in empirical analyses. This article aims to bridge this gap by using a hierarchically clustered data set (active members nested in voluntary associations) and multilevel analyses to test several hypotheses drawn from prior studies about the relationship between voluntary associations' characteristics and members' level of generalized trust. Overall, the results indicate that in explaining the variability in individual generalized trust levels, differences among the associations in which individuals are involved could contribute marginally at best. Almost all variance (97.6%) in individual level of generalized trust lies between the individuals and not between the associations. Furthermore, the analyses show no correlations for most tested associational characteristics. As for membership diversity, the most pronounced result runs opposite to expectation—thus providing some support for a membership similarity hypothesis rather than for a diversity hypothesis. The article raises the question whether the search for associational differences that might explain the lack of a general relationship between membership in voluntary associations and individual level of generalized trust is in fact a dead end.     

20世纪80年代中苏经济体制改革差异之比较

20世纪80年代 ,中苏两国都进行了举世瞩目的经济体制改革 ,然而改革的结果却迥然不同。这与两国在经济体制改革的政治基础、策略方针、社会环境等方面存在的重大差异息息相关。文章对此作了一些分析和比较。     

试论道家和道教的区别与联系

道家与道教的问题 ,单独论述的文章则多见 ,合论的则少见。从近年来所看的文章及所见的事实 ,有人在使用这两概念时 ,或处理宗教和迷信的事务时 ,未能分清这两者的联系与区别 ,从这两者产生的时间、思想渊源、天道观、与儒家的联系、经书及教主等五个方面分析和论述这两者的联系和区别 ,目的是使今后我们处理这两个问题时 ,有一个粗略的分界线。     

法律语言学诌议

法律的理解和解释始终是以语言为载体的,司法的过程始终是一个语言运用及交流的过程。本文试从法律语言学的由来为出发点,结合法律语言学的研究方法,进而归纳概括出中国法律语言学的特点,并结合对中外法律语言的差异性的考察,最后总结出对汉语法律语言学未来的发展趋势。     

高等教育过程中性别差异的国际研究——兼论对中国女性高层后备人才培养的启示

女大学生是中国女性高层次人才的重要后备力量。伴随着越来越多的女性进入高等学校的大门,我们需要进一步关注高等教育过程中的性别差异问题。本文通过介绍西方女性主义学者对传统人的发展理论的批判,以及对高等教育过程中存在的性别差异及其影响因素的分析,以期对中国女性高层后备人才培养机制的发展有所启发。     

政府行政成本对经济增长影响的空间效应与门槛效应研究

采用空间计量模型与门槛面板模型,对2010-2015年的省际面板数据,检验政府行政成本对省域经济增长的影响。空间效应模型分析发现：各省政府行政成本和经济增长间存在明显的空间关联性,整体而言地方政府行政成本能够促进经济增长,二者在空间集聚类型和区域分布上,在中西部大部分地区保持一致,政府行政成本高值(低值)集聚区一般是经济增长的高值(低值)集聚区,而在东部地区出现差异。门槛效应模型分析发现：行政成本很低时,对经济增长的影响并不显著;行政成本处于第一、二门槛值之间时,促进经济增长的系数提高,显著性增强;当政府行政成本超过第二门槛值时,不利于经济增长。建议将政府行政成本控制在最优区间。