A century (plus) of parenthood: Changes in living with children, 1880–1990

This paper summarizes the broad foundations of the changing nature of parenthood by examining trends in coresidence with children under age 15. Our study uses data from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Samples (IPUMS) to provide a portrait of demographic parenthood in the US over the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. In describing changes in parenthood over the past 110 years, we distinguish between those living with own children and those living with other children. We focus in particular on changes in gender patterns of coresidential parenthood and changes in the likelihood that divorced men and women live with children. We also examine the impact of the baby boom on parenting. Our findings support a recasting of ongoing discussions of the parental roles of American men and women by shifting the historical demographic focus from biological transitions to the social aspects of parenting.     

优质旅游有效供给因素对我国旅游产业效率的影响及区域差异

优质旅游是新时代我国旅游产业发展的必然选择。通过采用三阶段DEA模型等方法,从支撑因素、产业发展及消费需求三个维度构建优质旅游有效供给的环境变量,并采用面板数据实证分析了优质旅游有效供给因素对我国旅游产业效率的影响与区域发展差异。研究结果表明,优质旅游有效供给环境变量对我国旅游产业效率影响显著,其中支撑因素水平和旅游消费水平促进效率提升,产业发展在一定程度上抑制效率增长;目前我国优质旅游有效供给总体水平不高,且不同区域及省份之间表现出一定差异。因此,应通过进一步优化支撑要素水平、建立旅游投资总量调控及质量监督机制、制定积极的消费引导政策、缩小区域差距等,促进产业效率改进,提高优质旅游有效供给总体水平。     

Who do you believe? Assessing student and community member perceptions of bystander and victim witnesses

ABSTRACT

Eyewitness identifications provide critical evidence as they are often persuasive to jurors, but documented misidentifications have led to wrongful convictions . Researchers have examined how jurors evaluate multiple eyewitnesses, but not different types of eyewitnesses, such as bystanders and victims. Additionally, none of this research has examined jurors’ ability to evaluate bystander and victim identifications that vary in quality. Two studies examined student and community members’ perceptions of bystander and victim witnesses. Study 1 participants read about a good or poor-quality identification made by a bystander or victim. Study 2 participants read about both bystander and victim identifications that varied in quality. Both studies found jurors were sensitive to identification quality as demonstrated by a variety of legal decisions, including verdict, though the quality of a second identification in Study 2 did not change any legal decisions. Multiple differences between student and community member samples emerged across both studies suggesting that community members are more likely to trust witnesses and convict. Reliance on student samples may overestimate jurors’ ability to evaluate multiple eyewitnesses and underestimate the likelihood of conviction based on flawed eyewitness evidence.     

Gendered Pathways to Bullying Perpetration via Social Achievement Goals – Mediating Effects of Sense of Belonging and Non-inclusive Group Norms

ABSTRACT

This study investigated the gender-specific effects of social achievement goals – i.e., social development goals, social demonstration approach goals, and social demonstration avoid goals – on bullying perpetration in a sample of 788 adolescents (53.3% girls), taking into account the mediating role of sense of belonging and non-inclusive group norms. Two-group structural equation modeling results indicated that social demonstration approach goals positively predicted bullying perpetration for both genders. For girls, higher social development goals and for boys, higher social avoidance goals decreased bullying perpetration. Gender-specific effects of belonging and non-inclusive group norms on bullying perpetration occurred. For boys, non-inclusive group norms mediated the relation between all social achievement goals and bullying perpetration. Implications for future research and (gender-sensitive) bullying interventions are discussed.     

Sex Differences in Age Patterns of Delinquent/Criminal Careers: Results from Poisson Latent Class Analyses of the Philadelphia Cohort Study

Applications of latent class analyses to the study of criminal careers have yielded results with implications for criminological theory. Distinct latent classes of individuals within various samples have been identified based upon the similarity of individuals with respect to their rate of offending across the teen and adult years, net of the effects of other regressors. In previous research on samples of males taken from the cities of London and Philadelphia, four and five such categories have been identified respectively, ranging from a group of nonoffenders to a group of chronic offenders. However, the question of whether similar findings hold for females has not been adequately addressed, in part due to the scarcity of longitudinal samples with sizable female populations. Data from the Second Philadelphia Cohort are used to address this and related questions. First, are there latent classes of female offenders? Second, if such categories do exist, how do they compare? Third, how do classes of male and female offenders compare on key measures of criminal careers? Analyses of the samples yield differing numbers of classes for males and females. Gender invariances as well as differences in patterns of offending are also found and are discussed.     

隐寓于幻想中的思索--试论《格列佛游记》与《镜花缘》的异同

本文运用平行研究的方法论述了<格列佛游记>与<镜花缘>的异同.其中主要从写作原因、主题、创作技巧三个方面论述了它们的相同点;又通过作者不同的思想以及作者所处的不同时代论述了它们的不同点.     

The Forward Specialization Coefficient: Distributional Properties and Subgroup Differences

For both public policy and theoretical reasons, criminologists have been interested in the degree to which criminal offenders specialize in particular crimes. Traditionally, offense specialization has been measured with the forward specialization coefficient (FSC). Recently, the FSC has been criticized for being interpretationally obtuse and having no known sampling distribution. In this paper we examine both the interpretational and the statistical properties of the FSC. We conclude that (1) it has an intuitive interpretation that is no less useful than either a standard correlation coefficient or its competitors, (2) its sampling distribution is approximately normal, and (3) the conventional formula for the estimated standard error of the FSC may underestimate the true standard error in some circumstances. With these results behind us, we propose and illustrate both a parametric statistical test for the difference between two independent FSCs and two nonparametric alternatives.     

韩国盘索哩与中国鼓词比较论

韩国盘索哩与中国鼓词,最初都是由盲艺人负鼓在各村落之间流动说唱,因此二者除具备讲唱艺术的一般特性——即韵散结合说唱交错的表演方式、第三人称代言体、文学脚本的多重创作、道具的类似性之外,至少在三个方面具有亲缘性：其一,伴奏方式的相似及表演程式的类同。即以鼓为主要伴奏乐器,后期加入三弦、伽铘琴等弦乐伴奏;表演之前都有定场诗,且多使用夸张铺陈的夸赞体;其二,传承发展的相近。二者都经历了早期在乡村的长篇说唱到城市之后的摘唱,以及成熟之后与小说的影响和反影响;其三,承载思想的同一。二者产生的文化土壤都是儒家伦理体制内的庶民阶层,因此都具有乐天知命的性格;佛教带来的轮回报应思想,形成了二者共同的劝善惩恶主题。     

对男女教授在学术型人才基本品质理解上的性别差异研究——基于厦门大学百名教授的调查

厦门大学教育研究院所进行的＂学术型人才基本品质研究＂在国内尚属首次系统性研究,将性别差异因素引入对这一问题的研究,旨在了解教授对学术型人才所应具备的基本品质的认识,并进一步探讨这一整体认识中所存在的性别差异。对厦门大学百名教授进行的问卷调查并经统计分析发现,性别变量在11个项目上存在显著性差异。     

论毒品案件侦查中控制下交付与诱惑侦查的异同

在毒品犯罪案件中,控制下交付和诱惑侦查是常用的侦查措施,对抓毒枭,打网络,摧毁毒品地下工厂意义重大。两者在我国的法律法规中均未有明确的规定,对于两者的研究与规范也是鲜有人问津,实践中常有人把两者混淆。对其进行比较分析其异同,对于进一步认识实践中的法外侦查行为,以及推动侦查行为的法制化和人性化将有重要的意义。文中将主要以毒品犯罪案件侦查为例,试对这两种侦查措施的特点进行分析、比较研究。