刑事错案形成的心理原因

刑事错案的成因包括直接原因、环境原因和心理原因,其中心理原因(主要表现为包括"遂道视野"、"证实偏差"等在内的各种心理偏差)对错案的形成有更根本的影响。绝大多数直接原因,如刑讯逼供、隐瞒有利于犯罪嫌疑人、被告人的证据、忽视辩护律师的合理意见等等,都是各种心理偏差的外在表现。而绝大多数环境原因,如不合理的考核方式、司法经费不足等等,之所以会导致错案,主要是因为它们强化了这些心理偏差。根据这些心理偏差对错案形成的可能影响,可以在心理学层面总结出刑事错案的形成过程及规律,而我国近年来纠正的22起刑事错案可以为此提供验证。我国有必要完善当前的刑事司法体制,以减少这些心理偏差对办案人员的影响,进而更有效地防止错案的发生。     

扫描电镜/X射线能谱仪检验电流斑规范化方法探讨

目的探讨电流斑皮肤金属化的机理、检材提取处理和扫描电镜/能谱仪检验规范化方法,对检验结果进行分析和价值判断。方法用扫描电镜/能谱检验,采用低倍大窗口覆盖损伤区域采集平均元素能谱图,并在可能的金属元素富集区域寻找球形金属颗粒。结果扫描电镜下可观察到散在的孔穴、细胞碎屑、龟裂、裂隙等特征,有些电流斑可检出金属元素,其中部分电流斑可发现球形金属颗粒。结论采用规范化的检材提取、处理和检验方法可消除随意性方法造成错检的可能。电流斑皮肤上异常含量的金属附着可支持病理检验符合电流斑表现的结论,同时也为电击导体的推断和金属元素成分比对提供依据。球形金属颗粒的发现揭示存在电弧高温的可能性极大,可强力支持病理检验符合电流斑表现的结论。     

Oxygen-Glucose deprivation-induced dynamic changes of MAP-2 in cultured rat cortical neuronsCSCD

Objective: To study the expression of microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP-2) and morphological changes of cultured rat cortical neurons after oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) injury. Methods: Cortical neurons were isolated from P1 ∼ 2 neonatal Wistar rat cerebral cortices and cultured in OGD medium. MAP-2 expression and morphological changes of the cultured neurons were investigated by Western Blotting and under inverted microscope. Results: Without OGD injury, the cultured neuron had round or elliptical cell body with long intact dendrites. The neurons remained round with short dendrites at 1h post-OGD, while wrinkled with few dendrites at 6h and 12h post-OGD; the neurons partly recovered and some dendrites reappeared at 24h post-OGD. Western Blotting showed MAP-2 protein decreased 1h post-OGD, reached the minimal level at 12h, and then increased at 24h post-OGD. There was no significant difference between MAP-2 expressed at 6h post-OGD and 12h post-OGD. Conclusion: After moderate OGD injury, cultured rat cortical neurons demonstrate time-dependent MAP-2 expression and morphological changes.     

胸部损伤死因鉴定审查在诉讼中的应用

人身伤害案件被害人的死因鉴定,轻则涉及被告人的量刑,重则事关案件的定性。而司法实践中,经常遇到一些刑事被害人的死因鉴定意见是建立在推断的基础之上,且其推断不具有排他性,经不起推敲,往往直接影响到案件的定性与处理。针对这一问题,结合司法案例进行分析,以期提升死因鉴定的证明力和法医学鉴定意见的公信力。     

基于刑事和解的赔偿减刑简

刑事和解“花钱买刑”的嫌疑,导致一种普遍的误解。法制宣传和教育的根本在于法治理念的传播,而不是表面上法律条文的诵读。因而和解的有效运转需要从理论上诠释“赔偿减刑”的正当化依据。在逻辑上,“花钱”无法“买刑”,在“花钱买刑”的背后是刑事和解与时下正在推崇的程序本位及程序自治背离的实质。刑事和解能够减刑的一般性正当依据在于,和解针对民间纠纷解决的有效性以及此中具体正义实现的功效。刑事和解赔偿减刑正当性的规范性依据在于,“刑事赔偿”已具有承担部分刑事责任的属性,在禁止双重危险原则和罪刑均衡原则下,相应地要求对行为人减轻处罚。在确立非刑罚处罚措施作为刑事责任承担的一般意义上,有必要在刑法中确立和解赔偿减刑的实体法依据,这是和解赔偿减刑制度确立后对刑法修正的要求。     

犯罪嫌疑人虚假供述识别的心理分析———以贪污贿赂犯罪为例

说谎是人的天性,侦讯中贪污贿赂嫌疑人虚假供述呈现自愿、屈从、内化多种样态.趋利避害的本能,高的智商、情商,位高权重、专业、一对一隐蔽性等特征,使嫌疑人供述更具欺骗性,侦讯难度更大.实践中侦查员对“承认所做之事的陈述”内心确信度很高;而对“否认所做之事的陈述”多有质疑,两种有悖常理的例外,恰恰挑战的是人的经验、思维定势和认知判断能力.经验与思维定势,既体现技能、水平,又易导致偏差、错误.大千世界,人生百态,一切皆有可能,抽丝剥茧、去伪存真,真相只有一个.把握贪污贿赂嫌疑人的情境心理,借助心理学讯问技术、不失为破解侦讯难题一种新选择.     

A Forensic and Medical Evaluation of Dog Bites in a Province of Western Turkey

The aim was to evaluate the demographic data of dog‐bite cases organized from criminal and forensic reports. This study evaluated 328 cases admitted to the Director of Forensic Medicine, Eskisehir, as a result of dog bites between January 1, 2006 and December 31, 2010. It was found that those in the age‐group of 0–18 were most frequently exposed to dog bites (48.5%). Injuries to the lower extremity, upper extremity, and chest/abdomen/back were more frequent in men (72.6%, 76.4%, and 66.1%, respectively), while injuries to the head/neck/face were more frequent in women (52.3%) (p < 0.01). While most of those wounded in the upper extremity, the head/neck/face, and the chest/abdomen/back were in the child age‐group, most of those wounded in the lower extremity were in the adult age‐group (p < 0.001). Teaching children, in particular, how to behave around dogs would be useful in reducing the incidence of bite.     

Blast Injury and the Human Skeleton: An Important Emerging Aspect of Conflict‐Related Trauma

Recent decades have seen an accelerating trend in warfare whereby a growing proportion of conflict‐related deaths have been caused by explosions. Analysis of blast injury features little in anthropological literature. We present a review of clinical literature that includes prevalence of injury to anatomical regions and potential indicators of blast injury which can be used by forensic anthropologists. This includes high prevalence of extremity (22.8–91.2%) and facial (19.6–40%) injury in combat contexts, lower limb fractures (19–74.3%) in suicide bombing, traumatic amputation (3–43%) and diffuse fracture patterns in terrorist bombings. Potential indicators of blast trauma include blowout fractures in sinus cavities from blast overpressure, transverse mandibular fractures, and visceral surface rib fractures. Ability to recognize blast trauma and distinguish it in the skeleton is of importance in investigations and judicial proceedings relating to war crimes, terrorism, and human rights violations and likely to become increasingly crucial to forensic anthropology knowledge.     

A New Tool for Coding and Interpreting Injuries in Fatal Airplane Crashes: The Crash Injury Pattern Assessment Tool Application to the Air France Flight AF447 Disaster (Rio de Janeiro–Paris), 1st of June 2009

For investigation of air disasters, crash reconstruction is obtained using data from flight recorders, physical evidence from the site, and injuries patterns of the victims. This article describes a new software, Crash Injury Pattern Assessment Tool (CIPAT), to code and analyze injuries. The coding system was derived from the Abbreviated Injury Score (AIS). Scores were created corresponding to the amount of energy required causing the trauma (ER), and the software was developed to compute summary variables related to the position (assigned seat) of victims. A dataset was built from the postmortem examination of 154/228 victims of the Air France disaster (June 2009), recovered from the Atlantic Ocean after a complex and difficult task at a depth of 12790 ft. The use of CIPAT allowed to precise cause and circumstances of deaths and confirmed major dynamics parameters of the crash event established by the French Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authority.     

论公平责任一般条款及适用：对《侵权责任法》第24条的解读

《侵权责任法》第24条是公平责任的一般条款,应属于补偿责任范畴.公平责任解决的并非侵权行为和侵权责任问题.公平责任的适用条件是双方均无过错.适用第24条之时,应遵循类型化优先以防止向一般条款逃避的原则,同时应基于公平的立场着重考虑多种因素.公平责任未来更合理的走向是经由责任保险再逐步转向社会福利系统来承担对受害人的补偿责任.