Differences in personality and mental state between suspects and witnesses immediately after being interviewed by the police

Abstract

There is increased recognition that people interviewed by the police are often psychologically vulnerable due to modest intelligence, mental health problems, disturbed mental state, and personality problems. The current study aimed to investigate differences in the mental state and personality between suspects and witnesses. The participants were 78 individuals (47 suspects and 31 witnesses) who had been interviewed by the Icelandic police. They were assessed psychologically immediately after the interview with the police was completed. Significant differences emerged between the two groups with the suspects being more depressed, hopeless, compliant and personality disordered than the witnesses. Four of the suspects claimed to have made a false confession to the police due to their immediate need or psychological problems.     

Economic Stress and Psychological Distress Among Urban African American Adolescents

SUMMARY

The present study tested the hypothesis that maternal depression and negative parenting mediate the relationship between economic stress and psychological symptoms among urban African American youth. Two distinct economic Stressors were examined: (1) acute economic loss and (2) chronic economic strain. Each of these economic Stressors was expected to predict maternal depression, which, in turn, was expected to predict negative parenting, which, finally, was expected to predict adolescent symptoms. Results suggest that maternal depression and negative parenting partially mediate the relationship between economic stress and adolescent psychological symptoms among urban African American youth. Directions for future research and intervention implications are outlined.     

心理测量在教育中应用存在的问题与对策

随着教育学和心理学的发展,心理测量在教育领域的应用越来越广泛。目前,心理测量在教育中应用存在测验选择不当、施测过程控制不当、测验结果解释不科学、量表编制不当及对心理测量结果认识存在偏颇等问题。在教育中,应有针对性地选择测验、规范施测过程、科学解释测验结果、提高测验的信度和效度及客观看待心理测验结果。     

Total Situs Inversus Found Coincidentally Following a Firearm Injury

Situs inversus totalis is very rare and usually diagnosed coincidentally as it does not affect the patient's life. Being unaware of the patient's condition can lead to undesirable results from the surgeon and patient's point of view when an emergency and forensic surgical intervention is required. We present a case who was operated on urgently for a firearm injury after receiving a preoperative diagnosis of situs inversus totalis. In conclusion, situs inversus totalis can cause difficulties for surgeons in case of emergency surgery and is usually diagnosed coincidentally. There are a few cases of situs inversus with lung cancer in the literature but this is the first time a case with a firearm injury has been reported.     

Use of Cardiac Injury Markers in the Postmortem Diagnosis of Sudden Cardiac Death

In the daily practice of forensic pathology, sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a diagnostic challenge. Our aim was to determine the usefulness of blood biomarkers [creatine kinase CK‐MB, myoglobin, troponins I and T (cTn‐I and T), and lactate dehydrogenase] measured by immunoassay technique, in the postmortem diagnosis of SCD. Two groups were compared, 20 corpses with SCD and 8 controls. Statistical significance was determined by variance analysis procedures, with a post hoc Tukey multiple range test for comparison of means (p < 0.05). SCD cases showed significantly higher levels (p < 0.05) of cTn‐T and cTn‐I compared to the control group. Although only cases within the first 8 h of postmortem interval were included, and the control group consisted mainly of violent death cases, our results suggest that blood troponin levels may be useful to support a diagnosis of SCD.     

论价值观与犯罪

犯罪行为受犯罪心理的影响和支配,犯罪心理的形成因素复杂多样,概括起来不外乎主体因素和主体外因素.个体价值观作为犯罪心理的心理因素之一,在犯罪心理形成的认知、情感、意志过程中分别起到过滤、催化、推动的作用.本文从价值观角度剖析犯罪心理的形成,旨在展开加强主导价值观教育从而预防和减少犯罪的新视角.     

Importance of electromyography and the electrophysiological severity scale in forensic reports

Forensic reports on traumatic peripheral nerve injuries include dysfunction degrees of extremities, which are arranged according to the Turkish Penalty Code. The aim of this study is to discuss the role and importance of electromyography while preparing forensic reports in the cases of traumatic peripheral nerve injuries and the usefulness of scoring systems. A modified global scale, recommended by Mondelli et al., was used to assess the electrophysiological impairment of each peripheral nerve. Forensic reports of 106 patients, reported between 2002 and 2004, were evaluated. Thirty-four percent of the cases were reported as "total loss of function," 41.5% were reported as "functional disability," and there were no dysfunctions in the other cases in forensic reports that were prepared based on Council of Social Insurance Regulations of Health Processes and Guide prepared by the Council of Forensic Medicine and profession associations of forensic medicine. When we rearranged these forensic reports based on the electrophysiological severity scale (ESS), it was clearly found that all of the score 2 cases and 86.7% of the score 3 cases corresponded to "functional disability" and 91.4% of the score 4 cases correspond to "total loss of function." We found a significant correlation between the ESS and functional evaluation in peripheral nerve injury cases. Evaluation of functional disabilities in peripheral nerve injuries with the ESS represents a standardized and objective method used for forensic reports.     

交通事故中摩托车司乘人员致伤方式分析

通过对3例摩托车交通事故中司乘人员的损伤特征及车辆痕迹的检验结果比对,分析事故过程中摩托车司乘人员的运动过程及致伤方式,发现因其位置、姿势和应激状态不同,摩托车驾驶位乘员与后座乘员在碰撞、运动过程中损伤形成不同,其人体成伤机制、部位及程度与车辆相关部位的损害痕迹可以相互佐证,对于推断摩托车司乘人员的行为方式(谁是摩托车驾驶员)具有重要价值。进一步总结此类事故鉴定的共同特点,可为事故责任认定提供参考。     

小鼠皮肤切创后calpain1和calpain2的表达

目的观察小鼠皮肤切创愈合过程中calpain1和calpain2表达变化。方法应用免疫组织化学染色技术检测小鼠皮肤切创后calpain1和calpain2的表达。结果对照组的calpain1和calpain2均有表达,伤后1d calpain1阳性细胞率显著增加,达最大值。伤后3d阳性细胞比率显著下降。伤后5d阳性细胞比率再次显著增加,以后逐渐下降。伤后1d calpain2阳性细胞比率显著增加,伤后3d阳性细胞比率显著下降,达最低值。伤后5d阳性细胞比率再次显著增加,达最大值。伤后7d至10d,阳性细胞比率逐渐下降。结论小鼠皮肤切创后,calpain1和calpain2的表达随愈合时间而呈现双峰式变化。