论必要性原则适用的困境及其出路

必要性原则是一项重要的行政法原则,它以“最小侵害”作为联结点,确立起一套相对清晰的审查标准,并把最终确定排他性手段的权力赋予司法。也正因为如此,必要性原则的适用引发了许多理论和实务操作中的困境。许多法治发达国家在为这些困境深感忧虑的同时,逐渐发展出一系列解决困境的法解释技术。正视这些困境并积极探索可行的解决方法,对我国行政法学界而言具有一定的紧迫性。     

外伤性脑梗塞法医学鉴定55例分析

通过对近5年来55例外伤性脑梗塞法医学鉴定案例资料的收集整理,并就其临床表现、影像学表现特点、发病机制、以及法医学损伤程度鉴定等问题进行分析,探讨颅脑外伤与梗塞的关系。     

不同损伤程度脑震荡鼠逆行性遗忘变化比较

目的研究不同损伤程度脑震荡(CC)大鼠逆行性遗忘(RA)之变化情况。方法用金属单摆打击装置复制大鼠不同损伤程度脑震荡模型,用Morris水迷宫检测脑震荡后大鼠逆行性遗忘变化情况。结果单纯性脑震荡(PCC)大鼠打击后72h内出现逆行性遗忘,伤后4d出现认知受损,随后恢复。复杂性脑震荡(CCC)大鼠打击后5d内既有逆行性遗忘的存在,又有认知功能受损,5d后恢复。结论大鼠不同损伤程度脑震荡后均出现逆行性遗忘,且脑震荡损伤程度不同,逆行性遗忘持续时间亦不同,脑震荡程度越重,RA持续时间越长。     

大鼠脑外伤后溶酶体酶Cathepsin—B和D的表达

目的研究大鼠脑外伤后溶酶体酶cathepsin-B和-D是否被激活及其不同时段表达变化,阐述其与凋亡执行因子caspase-3表达的关系,并探讨对脑外伤诊断及形成时间的意义。方法采用自由落体打击法建立脑外伤动物模型,并对模型及对照样本进行免疫荧光、双标和激光共聚焦检测,结果用SPSS10.0软件处理。结果脑外伤后1hcathepsin-B表达即增加,4～8d达高峰,脑外伤后32d仍处于高表达水平;cathepsin-D的表达于脑外伤后12h增加,4～8d达高峰,32d的表达仍然高于12h的表达水平。脑外伤初期,cathepsin-B和-D阳性细胞与caspase-3阳性细胞重叠较少,脑外伤后6h开始增加,32d仍然有很多阳性细胞重叠。结论脑外伤后cathepsin-B和-D被激活,其激活在脑外伤早期可能抑制细胞凋亡执行因子caspase-3的激活,之后(6h后)则与caspase-3起协同作用,共同促进细胞死亡;cathepsin-B和-D表达的时程变化对于脑外伤的法医学诊断和中晚期的时间推断有参考意义。     

赔还是不赔——行政不作为赔偿案件中的哈姆雷特式问题

关于行政不作为国家赔偿的讨论早已不是新的话题,但已有的探讨并没有穷尽"赔还是不赔"--这一哈姆雷特式问题的答案,尤其是现有的最高人民法院关于不作为国家赔偿的司法解释存在一定程度的误导作用.实践中,行政不作为赔偿案件在诉讼中会面对司法审查权与行政裁量权的冲突问题和几种赔偿责任并存时请求权的排序问题.一般来说,对裁量行为违法实行赔偿责任豁免,但如果行政机关滥用裁量权,则应当承担赔偿责任;而几种赔偿责任并存时,究竟采用何种赔偿责任形式,问题非常复杂,理论研究也尚处于不成熟阶段.     

网约车司机在集体劳动法的身体定位

网络约车平台作为共享经济的代表性运作模式，吸收了大量的灵活就业人员。根据我国现行法律，网 约车司机与平台公司并非劳动关系，网约车司机既非个别劳动法上的劳动者，亦非集体劳动法上的劳动者。结合网约车 司机的实际生存状态以及国外的理论探索，未来我国可以在不突破劳动关系认定标准的基础上，将网约车司机纳入集体 劳动法的保障范畴。即网约车司机虽非个别劳动法之劳动者，但可以为集体劳动法之劳动者。     

The Infant Injury Database: A Tool for the Study of Injury Patterns in Medicolegal Investigations of Child Abuse

In 2012, the Harris County Institute of Forensic Sciences began prospectively collecting injury data from pediatric autopsies. These data and associated case information from 635 pediatric cases are archived in the Infant Injury Database (IID). This paper introduces the IID to the forensic community and demonstrates its potential utility for child abuse and infant fatality investigations. The database is intended to be a source of evidence‐based research for coroners/medical examiners and clinicians in the recognition and diagnosis of child abuse. RR estimates were employed to quantify the relationship between individual autopsy findings to trauma‐related and nontrauma‐related causes of death. For example, unsurprisingly, the RR of trauma cases with multiple injury types is significantly greater than other causes of death, but the RR results provide a quantitative representation of the relationship. ROC curve modeling of the presence/absence of various injury types performed well at discriminating trauma from other causes of death (AUC = 0.96).     

Violence in school: An investigation of physical,psychological, and sexual victimization reported by Italian adolescents

In Italy, numerous studies have been carried out regarding the phenomenon of bullying; however, studies on single incidences of sexual, physical, and psychological victimization at school remain scant. Therefore the aim of this study is to examine the phenomenon of scholastic violence with a broader perspective, as well as all the possible perpetrators including adults. The sample consisted of 277 adolescents (64% female), ranging from grade 6th to 13th (mean age = 13.29, SD = 2.19). Sixty-four percent of the participants were middle school students, the remaining were high school students. Results show that the most commonly reported type of victimization is psychological violence (incidence= 77%), followed by physical (incidence= 52%), and sexual victimization (incidence= 24%). These forms of violence are mainly inflicted by peers. The research confirmed the validity of the tool and its applicability in the Italian context for screening violent behavior at school.     

解析职场中的犬儒主义:基于心理学的视角

犬儒主义是一种对他人真诚和善良动机及行为的不信任倾向,其表现形式有嘲笑和挖苦等。对于犬儒主义的实质有两种看法,一种观点认为犬儒主义是一种人格特质,另一种观点认为犬儒主义是一种态度状态。犬儒主义的研究热点集中在个性犬儒主义、组织变革犬儒主义、职业犬儒主义、雇员犬儒主义、社会犬儒主义、政治犬儒主义以及消费者犬儒主义等方面。本文以情绪事件理论、组织公平理论、情绪感染理论、心理契约理论为指导,剖析了犬儒主义产生的深层机制。目前犬儒主义的研究在我国刚刚起步,未来应更加关注中国文化背景下犬儒主义理论构建及应对策略,注重研究方法多样性,重视犬儒主义的正反两方面的影响并开展跨文化的比较研究。