论民事诉讼与行政诉讼举证责任分配的合理性

诉讼作为一种社会解纷机制,其主要价值在于为社会利益争端的解决提供一套体现公平和正义的程序规则。民事争议和行政争议在性质上是不同的,它们所体现的社会利益关系各有其特殊性。鉴于此,民事诉讼与行政诉讼在举证责任的分配上做出不同的设计,在举证责任分配上,民事诉讼贯彻＂谁主张谁举证＂,行政诉讼由＂被告负举证责任＂,这不同的表述体现了共同的价值取向：救济和保护弱者。     

Child Welfare's Iron Cage: Managing Performance in New Zealand's Child Welfare Agency

The purpose of this article is to explain the performance management practice in use within one of New Zealand's public service agencies—Child, Youth and Family Services. These practices are described with reference to New Zealand's formal model of public sector management and the professional social work model understood by the majority of the agency's staff. The article draws on recent research into performance management practices in nine of New Zealand's public service agencies that included Child, Youth and Family Services. This involved a number of semi-structured interviews with managers and staff from the national, regional, and local levels of each agency together with a review of relevant documentation.

It is argued that performance management practices exist on a continuum representing the “rationality of control” which extends from a regulative control model of rules and fixed targets to one that is more reliant on shared understandings, learning, and flexible targets. It is further suggested that the institutional structures underlying this continuum determines the extent to which performance management practices within individual agencies are loosely coupled with those used for purposes of external accountability.

The article highlights the tension that exists in an organization that encompasses the substantive logic of “a values-based profession” (Ronnau, 2001 Ronnau, J. P. 2001. “Values and ethics for family-centered practice”. In Balancing family-centered services and child well-being: Exploring issues in policy, practice theory, and research, Edited by: Walton, E., Sandau-Beckler, P. and Mannes, M. 34–54. New York: Columbia University Press.  [Google Scholar]) but which is bound by the formal, instrumental rationality implicit in its system of external accountability that, it has been claimed, “reduces a complex reality to something simplistic and one dimensional” (Tilbury, 2004 Tilbury, C. 2004. The influence of performance measurement on child welfare policy and practice. British Journal of Social Work, 34: 225–241. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). It, therefore, argues that the formal model of performance measurement and management of the public service should encompass the broader information and rationality used by managers within public service agencies.     

Capitalist profit calculation and inflation accounting: A comment

Abstract

Mises’ ‘calculation argument’ against socialism argues that monetary calculation is indispensable as a commensurable unit for evaluating factors of production. This is not due to his conception of rationality being purely ‘algorithmic,’ for it accommodates non-monetary, incommensurable values. Commensurability is needed, rather, as an aid in the face of economic complexity. The socialist Neurath's response to Mises is unsatisfactory in rejecting the need to explore possible non-market techniques for achieving a certain degree of commensurability. Yet Neurath's contribution is valuable in emphasizing the need for a balanced, comparative approach to the question of market versus non-market that puts the commensurability question in context. These central issues raised by adversaries in the early socialist calculation debate have continued relevance for the contemporary discussion.     

Six Deadly Flaws

Following publication of the Brahimi Report on the future of UN Peacekeeping Operations under Chapter 6 of the UN Charter, the author, a former Operations Officer with UNTSO-OGL on the Israeli-Lebanon border, casts a critical eye over the report's recommendations and identifies areas that raise some concern.     

刑法视野下的法律拟制新探——价值协调与机制缺失

法律拟制大致经历了从诉讼拟制到实体拟制、从司法拟制到立法拟制、从技术拟制到规范拟制的发展进程,它是工具价值与规范价值相融合的产物,从本质上讲,它是一种有意识的＂立法类推＂。刑法拟制本身并没有是否违反罪刑法定原则的问题,只有法律拟制的工具价值是否受到规范价值的制约并与之协调的问题,对于我国刑法中拟制条款的质疑与检讨就是看其设置是否符合刑法的目的。法律拟制除了规范价值的内在制约外,还需要合宪性审查机制的外在制约。     

民事权利限制的时间界限

权利限制是对权利范围和权利行使所作的限制性规定。私法视野下,权利限制是确保权利人正当行使权利的需要。民事权利的时间界限是权利限度的形式之一,民事权利限制的时间界限,表现为宏观和微观两个方面。民事权利的时间界限的合理性和二元性有利于实现个人利益和社会利益的统一。     

“侦查管辖中心论”的科学性和合理性——以公诉案件为基准的考察

以审判程序作为整个刑事诉讼中心的"审判中心论",是刑事程序法治化的重要基础和基本原则,但"审判中心论"并不意味着审判管辖是中心,管辖只是刑事诉讼阶段性程序启动时需要考虑的一项基本内容。以《刑事诉讼法》对公诉案件设置的程序为基准予以考察,侦查管辖在刑事管辖中具有担当"中心"的使命。确定刑事管辖权时以侦查管辖为中心比以审判为中心更具有科学性和合理性。     

现代性：中国法治化的生成支点

中国的法治化建设是在复杂的境遇与多种压力下进行的浩大的社会系统工程。其中,后现代思潮是我们必须正视的一种理论。后现代理论本质上是后工业社会的产物,因而有其特定的生成环境。对中国法治建设而言,最缺乏的是现代性,而不是后现代,而且应当警觉中国前现代法律化与西方后现代法学思潮的畸形杂交对中国法治化的消极影响。现代性应当是中国法治化必须记取的基本前提和必须围绕的一个中心。     

渐进主义的认识论审视——指向渐进理性的建构

林德布鲁姆的渐进主义作为一种对特定社会场域中的政治和政策过程的经验性归整,在基本面向上合乎存在论关于作为在世存在的此在的一般分析,因而在认识论的层面上具有相较于理性主义和实证主义的合理性。但由于这种渐进主义理解停留在了经验性归整以及相关的形式和实用层面的合理性分析上,而没有将渐进主义本身的深层意涵开展出来,从而使其遭遇难以克服的局限。在主体性视域中,理性作为开放、敞开与他在的理解,在自身的延展、消释与融动的布展中呈现出渐进的特征,理性的渐进性或者称之为渐进理性为渐进主义提供了新的理解基础,使其能够在新的面向上开展出来。     

法的合理性研究

本文在介绍西方关于法的“合理性”一些论述的基础上,详细探讨了“合理性”概念的词源和词义,并进而就法的合理性问题的诸方面,如法的合理性的概念、法的合理性评价的种类、标准等作了较系统的论述。