公平与效率统一视角下的物权社会化

物权层面的物权公平与物权效率相适应,但在物权效率与高层面的社会公平之间的交叉层面,物权效率则因起点、机会、结果等与社会公平发生冲突;在这一交叉层面的物权垄断势能所产生的"马太效应"不可能熨平。通过公平与效率在立体结构中的对立统一路径可知,实现物权自然化发展向社会化转变,是效率与公平和谐统一的动力机制。公权力管制时限制物权利用中附属权利而防止物权垄断形成。限制是在初次分配中重新界定权利,不是要素所有的分配。通过权利分配为弱者增加竞争的权利势能以缩小贫富差距,这是北欧的新经验。     

基层警察的行动性质、逻辑分析及管理路径

基层警察位于公安组织架构最底层,在一线或现场,直接与群众打交道。他们执行上级的决策,同时又有自己选择和决策过程,拥有自由裁量权,现场工作场景中处于信息有利方,而且与群众之间也存在着不对称的权力关系。其所处的特殊行政生态使得他们表现出以庸碌无为追求“闲暇效用最大化”、在规则依赖中寻求责任免除、在利害权衡中选择行为等典型的行动逻辑。故此,对于基层警察的管理应通过公安信息化建设促进基层警务规范化、通过法律责任控制加大对基层警察的监督、通过警务社会化实现对基层警务工作的政治控制、用提高职业道德来实现基层警察的自我控制。     

从过渡模式到目标模式——对陕西省农业社会化服务体系的调查与思考

本文从农户需求视角入手,对陕西省5个县（区）102个农户进行入户调查,并对当地政府农业社会化服务职能部门、农民专业合作社、农业技术协会等各类组织进行详细的案例调研。在此基础上,深入分析了陕西省农业社会化服务的供求状况和基本特征,从而提出了陕西省农业社会化服务体系的创新路径——由建立以产业发展为核心的过渡模式到建立以农户需求为核心的目标模式。     

Comparison of three collection methods for the sodium rhodizonate detection of gunshot residues on hands

The aim of this study was to compare three gunshot residue (GSR) collection methods used in conjunction with chemographic detection applied by different regional Swiss police services. The specimens were collected from the hands of a shooter with either filter paper (Filter method) or adhesive foil. The adhesive foil was then either applied against photographic paper during visualisation (AF Photo method) or coated with a layer of polyvinyl alcohol (AF PVAL method). The experiments involved two conditions of the examined hands, i.e. dry and humidified. The residues were revealed using the sodium rhodizonate test (SRT). Preliminary tests assessing the possibility of conducting a confirmatory Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled to Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) analysis after the chemographic test were performed on a number of specimens by cutting positive spots and mounting them on stubs. Obtained results were compared in terms of effectiveness - number of positive spots, time requirements, quality of subsequent SEM-EDX analysis, ease of use and cost.The Filter method generally yielded a high-quality detection with both dry and humidified hands, as well as a simple, quick and efficient confirmation by SEM/EDX. The AF Photo performed well on dry hands, but not on humidified hands. The AF PVAL method performance was lower compared to the other methods in both examined conditions of the hands. The SEM/EDX analysis showed that the Filter and AF PVAL method provided satisfactory results when a sufficient carbon coating thickness was applied to the cuttings. It was also observed that the thinner the PVAL layer, the better the quality of the spectra and obtained images in SEM/EDX. Furthermore, the surface of the photographic paper did not seem to be conductive, even after the application of a thick layer of carbon.In conclusion, the Filter method gave the best overall results, but its application required slightly more time and expertise than the two other methods.     

Political Brand Equity Model: The Integration of Political Brands in Voter Choice

The voters’ choices about political parties have many similarities with how they make their choices about commercial brands. Therefore, political parties are now constantly applying the concept and strategies of brand management to make the political product attractive, appealable, trustable, differentiable, a source of long-term relationships, and a decision-making driver. Furthermore, the political parties have to play an active role in the community's political socialization processes, which rely heavily on branding strategies. Because, the party equity is largely based on the community's social gregariousness that has profound effect on the electorates' propensity to participate in the politics. This study has deeply explored and broadened the concept of party equity analogous to commercial brand equity typology by developing a politics-specific brand equity model. This model demonstrates the integration of political brands in voter choice. Empirically, this model has been validated by collecting 550 valid responses from the constituency of District Gujrat, Pakistan. A careful analysis of these responses through structural equation modeling methodology has revealed that political parties vary according to the outcomes of their role in the political socialization process of the communities, loyalty, and voters’ attitude. Parties that have favorable role in the socialization process have strong party knowledge and thus have high party equity as compared to competing political parties, which have a weak position of party knowledge. Similarly, this study provides the roadmap and guidelines for the political parties to manage their party equity. Similarly, the model would be able to facilitate political parties in comparing different constituencies on the basis of their diversified social dynamics and political knowledge and in the development of a constituency-based manifesto, also termed “localized manifesto,” to further enhance their vote bank.     

Regime change and the convergence of democratic value orientations through socialization. Evidence from reunited Germany

Theories of socialization and political culture claim that public ideas about how a democracy should be shaped will only change slowly after regime changes. Thus, citizens’ value orientations should converge after a replacement of generations and through institutional learning. Pertaining to the development and convergence of individual conceptions of democracy or democratic value orientations, these assumptions have not yet been tested empirically. This article therefore provides an empirical test, drawing on the case of German reunification as a natural experiment. I analyse the development of democratic value orientations based on data from the sixth wave of the European Social Survey using both factor and cohort analysis. The findings provide strong support for the assumptions of socialization theories: More than 20 years after reunification, people who grew up in East Germany still show a higher affiliation to a socialist model of democracy than people socialized in the West, who instead show higher support for a liberal model. However, differences in democratic value orientations are converging for citizens less than 30 years of age across Germany, the first generation socialized entirely in a democratic political system.     

If You’re a Critical Theorist,How Come You Work for a University?

How can we deal with the apparent contradiction between the normative ideals of critical theory and the practice of the current university system? To answer this question, I consult three classical criticisms of the university system: At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the French educator Joseph Jacotot formulated a pedagogical critique of the disciplinary effects of the educational system; at the beginning of the twentieth century, German historian Franz Rosenzweig articulated an ethical critique of the hegemonic educational system’s distance from life; and at the beginning of the twentyfirst century, British feminist Sara Ahmed proposed a political critique of the oppressing functions of academic institutions. Taken together, these critiques can serve as an orientation for critical intellectual practice even within the academic system. Finally, I try to describe the relation between critical theory and the university thus evolving by utilising Stefano Harney’s and Fred Moten’s concept of the “undercommons”.     

对我国刑罚体制变革的反思

刑罚是连接犯罪与行刑的核心。现代的刑罚应当是一个宽严相济、轻重匹配的科学体系。而我国现行刑罚体系刑种偏少,非监禁刑缺失,社会化行刑缺陷,整体刑罚体制和机制僵化,造成行刑效果不佳。当前世界各国刑罚的个别化和社会化成为一种潮流,给我国的刑制改革提供了借鉴,也是一种现实的挑战。实现刑罚的预防犯罪的目的,提高行刑的功效是我国构建和谐社会的历史要求,所以我国刑罚体制改革是一种必然的历史趋势。改革的方向在于:建立多元化的刑罚体系,实行灵活的行刑机制;以人为本,预防犯罪。     

劳动改造社会化思辨

劳动改造社会化可以满足监狱工作进一步提高罪犯改造质量的需要,在一定程度上削减了监禁刑所固有的缺陷,使罪犯的劳动改造进一步适应了社会生产力发展的状况,使劳动改造的诸多资源得以有效整合并发挥作用,扩大了社会监督,促进了对罪犯合法权益的监护。但是目前的劳动与改造在社会化初衷与目标上走向了背离,我们应当从观念、体制和运作方面采取有效对策,确保劳动应有的改造效能。