试析女性主义心理学的方法论

女性主义方法论的探讨与争论是女性主义心理学研究的焦点:女性主义心理学研究区别于非女性主义心理学研究最重要的特征在于其女性主义方法论;女性主义心理学批判心理学中量化研究与质化研究范式之争为虚假的两极之争,倡导多元方法论;女性主义认识论上的分歧导致其对于知识与性别的关系的不同主张,并最终导致了女性主义心理学在方法和方法论取向上的不同偏好。     

法律经济学的普通法语境及其在大陆法系背景下的应用前景

在法律经济学的引入过程中,我们遇到了实用推广方面的障碍。这种障碍,一定程度上与法律经济学的普通法语境有关,即一种功利主义和实用主义法哲学指导下的、法官能够发挥更大创造作用和法律体系的形式理性并非非常严格的环境是有利于法律经济学的发展的。但是,另一方面,法律经济学在大陆法系的制度背景下仍然有非常广阔的实用前景,因为三段论式的形式逻辑思维不是法律人实务操作活动的全部。在立法、纠纷解决的利益估算、充分实现个案中的矫正正义以及在疑难案件中运用利益衡量方法等方面,法律经济分析都可以发挥非常重要的作用。     

法律解释：克制抑或能动

近来,实务界一直在高调倡导能动司法或司法能动,从而勾起了理论界对司法能动主义探讨的热情。像往常一样,实务界提出的问题,基本是在感觉的基础上理解能动意义的,没有经过认真的论证。从哲学的意义上看,司法能动是法律解释的本质,然而法治要求法律人应该是理性、克制地能动司法,否则能动就变成了毁坏法治的口号。在司法过程中即使少不了能动也不能忘记根据法律进行思维,不顾法律意义的安全性而任意能动不符合法治的基本要求。     

重申历史唯物主义的方法论价值——对宪法学方法论研究热的柔性反思

近年来,方法论研究成为宪法学的热点问题。在学者们试图构建一种所谓独立的宪法学方法论体系,或以此为标志,宣称宪法学进入方法论多元化的全新时代之背景下,作为一种方法论的历史唯物主义似乎遭到了颠覆性批判与否弃。但是,即便在方法走向多元化与风格化的时代,将历史唯物主义作为一种元方法进行运用,回归其“反思与批判精神”的本质,仍然具有其重要价值和意义;对于宪法学研究而言,尤其如此。     

刑事诉讼法学教学方法探索

刑事诉讼法学是一门理论性和应用性都很强的法学学科,在教学过程中应注意理论教学和实践教学并重,既要重视法学基本理论知识的讲授,也要重视学生分析问题、解决问题能力的培养和训练。刑事诉讼法教学应根据不同的教学内容采用启发式教学、讨论式教学、案例教学、影视资料教学等不同的教学方法,以达到良好的教学效果。     

中国共产党发展史是与时俱进不断创新的历史

中国共产党经历了以毛泽东为首的党的第一代领导集体,结合中国革命具体实践,实事求是,创立了毛泽东思想。以邓小平为核心的第二代领导集体,解放思想,实事求是,提出社会主义市场经济,从而发展了毛泽东思想,形成了邓小平理论。新世纪,以江泽民为核心的党的第三代领导集体,解放思想,实事求是,与时俱进,提出"三个代表"重要思想。纵观中国共产党82年的发展史,就是与时俱进、不断创新的历史。     

The Gender Gap among Teen Survey Respondents: Why are Boys more Likely to Report a Gun in the Home than Girls?

It is a reliable though unexplained feature of national surveys that include items on gun ownership that wives are less likely to report a gun in the home than husbands. In this article we extend the inquiry regarding this gender gap in reporting of household guns to include adolescent children (age 12–17 years). The California Health Interview Survey of 2001, the largest-ever state survey of its kind, includes over 4000 marital households in which both a parent and adolescent child were interviewed and asked whether there was a gun in the home. There is little “age gap” in reporting—California teens are almost as likely to say that there is a gun as are their parents—but there is a gender gap among both the teens and their parents. We also find a large gap in personal experience with guns—boys are three times as likely to report hunting or shooting with a family member than girls. This difference in experience fully accounts for the gender gap in reporting. The relevance of these findings for the interpretation of survey data is clear. Whether there is a gun reported in a home depends to a remarkable extent on which member of the household is asked the question. Hence, the method of selection of respondent(s) from within a household will affect estimates of the patterns and prevalence of gun ownership, and, potentially, the accuracy of case–control studies that use self-report information about guns in the home.

PC_Eyewitness and the Sequential Superiority Effect: Computer-Based Lineup Administration

Computer technology has become an increasingly important tool for conducting eyewitness identifications. In the area of lineup identifications, computerized administration offers several advantages for researchers and law enforcement. PC_Eyewitness is designed specifically to administer lineups. To assess this new lineup technology, two studies were conducted in order to replicate the results of previous studies comparing simultaneous and sequential lineups. One hundred twenty university students participated in each experiment. Experiment 1 used traditional paper-and-pencil lineup administration methods to compare simultaneous to sequential lineups. Experiment 2 used PC_Eyewitness to administer simultaneous and sequential lineups. The results of these studies were compared to the meta-analytic results reported by N. Steblay, J. Dysart, S. Fulero, and R. C. L. Lindsay (2001). No differences were found between paper-and-pencil and PC_Eyewitness lineup administration methods. The core findings of the N. Steblay et al. (2001) meta-analysis were replicated by both administration procedures. These results show that computerized lineup administration using PC_Eyewitness is an effective means for gathering eyewitness identification data.     

“类推”与刑法之“禁止类推”原则——一个方法论上的阐释

将法律解释概念作狭义理解 ,具有方法论上的重要意义 ;如此 ,则法律解释方法中并不存在“类推解释”。从“法无明文规定不处罚”的基本要求和“法律解释必须在文义所及的范围内为之”这一命题出发 ,可以认为罪刑法定原则其实不排斥任何一种解释方法。事实上 ,“类推”在刑法领域是被作为法律续造的方法加以禁止的 ,而并非是被作为一种法律解释方法加以禁止。从维护法律确定性和司法统一性的要求出发 ,一切形式的类推在刑事司法中都应当被禁止 ;但是 ,这种主张显然源自于形式意义的罪刑法定和刑法技术主义的绝对观念。在实质意义的罪刑法定原则之下 ,有利于被告的类推应当被允许 ,这是克服刑法形式侧面的缺陷、实现刑法正义的需要。     

法官如何对待民间规范？——“顶盆过继案”的法理解读

从法文化的视角看,民间规范具有一定的法律属性。而从法律方法论的视角看,它仅仅具有某种意义上的准法律属性或前法律属性。是否拥有法律属性,尚需法官按照法治的原则和法律方法论的标准来决定。法官必须遵循制定法用尽原则和规则稳定性、体系融贯性、社会一致性等方法论标准,以此来确定是否需要通过司法裁判的方式将某一民间规范纳入到国家法之中。