条件推理能力的发展轨迹：“单向”还是“双向”？

条件推理能力的传统认知发展观认为认知发展的轨迹是单向的,并只存在于一个加工系统中,认知发展存在着几个不同质的阶段,按由低到高的顺序发展,在个体发展的早期,其认知特点主要是以直觉加工为主,而后逐渐转换为以分析式加工为主,但这些理论无法很好地解释为什么年龄和智力的增长并不必然导致推理中符合传统逻辑规范的回答率的提高.双重加工理论对此提出异议,认为条件推理能力的发展沿着两条轨迹进行,一条径直指向计算加工和对问题内容的去情境化推理能力的增长;第二条是启发式的、高度情境化加工的发展路线,对那种认为认知是从直觉加工到逻辑数学加工的单向发展的观点提出了挑战.     

论法律推理的合法性要求

合法性是对司法审判活动的基本要求,在法律推理中同样如此。法律形式主义的合法性理论遭到了法律现实主义的否定,这两种理论都是以简化的法律推理模式为出发点的。本文指出,法律推理的合法性首先要求法律推理必须使用法律上的理由;其次还取决于当事人及其律师的合法参与以及社会对司法判决的一般性接受。     

网络视频教学资源建设与大学生科学精神的培养

我国高等院校学生接触的多是具体的学科知识和技能,很少获得系统的科学教育。网络视频教学节目在设计时可以从节目形式、选题、创作手法等几个方面实现科学精神的传播;同时引导大学生参与视频资源创作,培养他们理性怀疑、积极求证、多元思考、平权争论、宽容激励等科学意识,以潜移默化地将科学精神根植于学生心中。     

当代西方哲学的三个特质

当代西方哲学的第一个特质是"英雄时代"的结束,"大哲学家"、"天才哲学家"独自沿着一个纲领、一个方向构造哲学体系已不可能.当代西方哲学的第二个特质是认为哲学就是对大家习以为常的习惯、所遵循的那些基本原则进行理性的审查活动,从宏观的方法来分析,可以分为修辞学论理哲学和逻辑论证的哲学.当代西方哲学的第三个特质是研究哲学的人有哲学家和哲学史家两种,前者追求普遍性的哲学方法,后者追求特殊性的历史的方法.     

The policy scientist of democracy revisited

A recent appraisal by Farr et al. (Am Polit Sci Rev 100:579–587 2006) credited Lasswell with raising important questions of professional responsibility for political science. However, the appraisal rejected working answers to those questions offered by Lasswell and his colleagues without considering them substantively or comprehensively. In doing so, the appraisal misleads those academics in political science and other disciplines who may be interested in a genuinely professional role for themselves, a role that takes into account the social consequences of the exercise of their knowledge and skills. This article provides a more authentic introduction to Lasswell’s life and work and vision of the policy scientist of democracy, and suggests some alternatives for would-be professionals.

The logic of regulatory impact assessment: From evidence to evidential reasoning

Agencies involved in generating regulatory policies promote evidence-based regulatory impact assessments (RIAs) to improve the predictability of regulation and develop informed policy. Here, we analyze the epistemic foundations of RIAs. We frame RIA as reasoning that connects various types of knowledge to inferences about the future. Drawing on Stephen Toulmin's model of argumentation, we situate deductive and inductive reasoning steps within a schema we call the impact argument. This approach helps us identify inherent uncertainties in RIAs, and their location in different types of reasoning. We illustrate the theoretical section with impact assessments of two recent legislative proposals produced by the European Commission. We argue that the concept of “evidence-based regulatory impact assessment” is misleading and should be based on the notion of “regulatory impact assessment as evidential reasoning,” which better recognizes its processual and argumentative nature.     

中国古代判词的伦理化倾向及其可能的效用

判词是古代司法官员审理案件的具结文书。中国古代判词融情、理、法于一体，运用情感和道德的说理艺术，具有明显的伦理化色彩，但其注重寻求个案的实质正义和宣教意义，不失为中国传统法律文化中的一份值得珍惜的遗产。重新认识和评价古代判词的内在精神实质及其效用，有利于革除我国现行司法判决文书刻板化、程式化的弊端，推动司法文化的改革和进步。     

A role for structured observation in ethics

Progress in the natural sciences has depended upon the collection and use of carefully controlled observational data. By contrast, ethicists have failed to agree upon a role for observational data in their enterprise. Although factors embedded in the human condition obscure the role of observational data in ethical theory, barriers to the use of such data in ethics may be superable. Observation may not provide definitive answers to most ethical or metaethical questions. However observation of carefully constructed experimental conditions may provide the basis for cumulative progress in some branches of ethics.     

墨子法哲学体系发微

先秦思想研究迄今未曾揭示墨子学术中法哲学体系。讨论显示，墨子法哲学体系基础是其知识论，其工巧表现在逻辑形式上的数学分析。定义系统是其审案功能的保障。     

司法考试的价值及其限度——法律思维的视角

法律思维对法律职业群体有着重大意义,法律方法论意义上的法律思维具有较强的实践性,是我们应当重视的。从这个视角可以更加准确地分析司法考试制度的价值及其局限,具体可以从客观题和主观题两个层面展开。由以上的分析可以给司法考试以及法学教育等方面以有益的结论。