小额诉讼程序适用的改进逻辑

小额诉讼程序的适用比例至今偏低,致使程序的建构意图没能得到实现。从程序运行者、程序利用者和程序运行之监督者的视角剖析成因,有助于探寻到小额诉讼程序依法适用的促进策略。简案若不能有效识别,小额诉讼程序的强制适用将失去起码保障,未来识别简案当采取智能识别为主、人工识别为辅的方式。消解适用合意的稀缺性,可使小额诉讼程序的实际适用率因为合意适用条件的放宽而得到提高,获得适用合意的方法包括事先约定、法院引导达成和事后自行达成。为规制法人或非法人组织对小额诉讼程序的过多利用,援引诚实信用原则对其进行费用制裁更为现实可行。推动小额诉讼程序实现独立、提高首次送达成功率以减少程序转化和重视审级监督的驱动,是促进小额诉讼程序依法适用的重要策略。     

当代俄罗斯民众的政治意识与政治稳定关系考察

考察政治意识与政治稳定的关系,需要广泛参与意识和政治合法性的支撑,政治意识与政治参与率息息相关,俄罗斯公民的政治参与率在不同时期有不同的特点。俄罗斯社会中有庞大的不参与群体存在是俄罗斯维护政治稳定的不利因素。俄罗斯公民政治意识的发展受制于其历史传统、现实国情以及时代使命的具体条件,也是当前俄罗斯国情发展的必然结果,基本上能够满足俄罗斯目前维护稳定的需要。     

低碳经济背景下的馆藏期刊管理模式研究

在线浏览等低碳阅读方式已经成为了用户方向,我们有必要重新审视纸本期刊在图书馆的馆藏定位。有感于此,对期刊在馆藏策略方面存在的结构性缺失进行了分析,文章数据凸显的是期刊馆藏与用户认可度的巨大反差,进而从低认可度导致的期刊高闲置率描述了低碳阅读与网络环境背景下期刊馆藏的内在趋势,以期能够进一步理顺电子期刊与传统期刊的馆藏比例,合理配置资源、降低成本。     

Does a Draft Really Influence Postmortem Body Cooling?*

Estimation of the time of death (TOD) is a very important task of forensic pathologist, and measurement of body temperature is a method deemed to be most precise during the initial postmortem period. The study aimed at verification of the significance of airflow present in the room where a corpse is found on body cooling process and hence on determination of the TOD. The experiment was performed in pigs during which the postmortem temperature of the eye, muscles, and rectum was recorded--in still air and with generated draft in the room. The results showed that the moderate airflow present in the experimental conditions did not significantly affect the course of cooling of the investigated body sites. Despite moderate wind generated in the room, the air movement close to pigs' bodies was actually minimal. This allowed to conclude that to evaluate the TOD most precisely, one should first have reliable data on the actual velocity of air in the direct vicinity of the body rather than relying on subjective sensation of the draft and using various unnecessary corrective coefficients for TOD calculation.     

我国民间借贷利率管制法治进路的检讨与选择

现行以《关于人民法院审理借贷案件的若干意见》第6条为中心的民间借贷利率管制进路源于相关机构及法律50年来对民间金融的负面道德评价和金融抑制。该进路在上世纪90年代初曾制止了"金融三乱",但在当前民营经济与民间金融发展的背景下,其扭曲资金市场配置、导致逆向选择、妨碍竞争的缺陷日渐凸出,已成为民间金融发展的制度障碍。当前民间金融市场需求与管制进路之间产生了明显的声音隔离效应,而管制本身却仍在强化。我国未来的民间借贷利率管制法治进路应当主动摆脱对利息的道德偏见,构建以《放贷人条例》为核心的监管制度,推行分类引导、动态调整的民间利率管制体系,实现行政事前监管与事后司法监督的良性互动,以推动正规金融利率的市场化。     

高校知识产权管理体系的建构与完善

高校知识产权管理是我国实施知识产权战略重要的一环,具有十分重要的意义.该体系的建构是培育高校核心竞争力的重要依托,也是提升民族创新力和国家科技发展、社会经济发展重要手段.我国高校知识产权管理缺少专门机构和人员,存在管理意识薄弱、成果产业化程度低的问题.我国应借鉴美国OTL模式的管理经验,尽快完善相关法律法规、确立符合高校自身管理制度、配套专门管理机构和人才、提高知识产权成果的转化率.     

What caused fertility variations by settlement in Transylvania at the time of industrialization?

There is an ongoing debate in the literature regarding the causes behind fertility transition. Especially, the relative importance of economic modernization versus cultural adaptation is hotly debated. The paper takes Transylvania, the eastern part of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy as an example. The period of 1880–1910 was a time of fast modernization and industrialization in Transylvania, and it created large territorial differences in economic development. The ethnic and religious composition of the area is versatile; mainly Orthodox Romanians, Catholic Hungarians, and Protestant Germans populated the area.DataA cross-sectional database has been created by matching census and vital statistics records for 4112 settlements, for the 1900–1910 period.MethodOLS regression is used to model crude birth rates by settlement. The factors affecting fertility are modeled using the Easterlin–Crimmins framework.ResultsAn explanation placing economic factors (demand and supply) in first place, but accepting the secondary role of innovation factors as barriers to implement fertility regulation, fits the data about Transylvania well.DiscussionPrevious research results regarding Hungary could not show the effect of some socio-economic variables on fertility, due to the high level of aggregation. They favoured cultural explanations, and shown Hungary as an exception to the rules of demographic transition. In contrast, this paper shows that the classic explanatory factors like infant mortality, migration, literacy, and secularization do explain fertility differentials in Transylvania at the turn of the 20th century.     

Long Han SCM Agreement Says “No” to Charges against RMB Exchange Rate as Export Subsidy

Recently one of the big charges raised mainly by the US against RMB exchange rate is the so-called undervaluation of RMB exchange rate as constituting a subsidy for China’s exports, the US even threatens to refer it to international or domestic settlement. However, the study on the provisions of subsidy, i.e., financial contribution, benefit conferral and specificity, the SCM Agreement indicates that RMB exchange rate neither constitutes financial contribution in art. 1.1 of the SCM Agreement, nor comes in line with the listings of the Illustrative List of the Agreement. The prevailing exchange rate of RMB is the only benchmark for the measurement of the value of RMB except that no other methods are available to be used to properly determine whether RMB exchange rate confers any benefit to exporters. As regards specificity requirement, RMB exchange rate is unspecific, on the contrary, it is among the policy measures for the government to regulate economy.     

我国投资和消费比例关系的演变及其问题和对策

本文首先对新中国各个时期投资和消费比例关系的演变过程进行了考察。接着指出当前我国消费率已经跌入低谷,投资率步入高峰,亟待调整,强调这是一个关系发展、改革、稳定的全局性问题。最后着重就降低经济增速和改革投资膨胀机制两方面提出了对策意见。     

The Shadow Price of Social Change and Its Evaluation

This paper analyzes the “shadow price” of social transformation. For the first time, an attempt was made to determine the approaches to measuring this value with regard to nonmarket phenomena and processes, and to apply these approaches in an empirical analysis, based on a representative survey in Russia (N = 1,000) using experimental situations.

Specifically, it quantitatively evaluates (1) the degree of divergence between the real and the ideal structure of the time budget of several important domains of social life; (2) the ratio of social ills to social benefits; (3) individual public welfare functions; and (4) the social cost, legitimated by citizens, of reproducing two fundamental public goods: “the capacity to maintain ‘superpower’ status” and “the well-being of the future generations.”

The authors introduce and operationalize the novel concept of the socially suboptimal product of labor, that is, the product resulting from alienated (or unwilling) labor, and conversely, the product that could potentially result from using unutilized willing labor. In doing so we support the idea of distinguishing productive and unproductive forms within both the notion of labor and the notion of leisure. Aggregated estimates of these values show the share of gross domestic product (GDP) that could be optimized due to a redistribution of the time budget of the population between the main areas of life, according to ideal social preferences.

The balance of social benefits and social ills resulting from the life experiences and activities of individuals is empirically evaluated. We consider this balance, which is the sum of impacts of the social environment on the individual, as a suitable model for explaining how individuals make decisions about whether or not to participate in public life.

“Individual public welfare functions” are assessed empirically, demonstrating that individual utility depends on personal and collective consumption. Empirical testing covered a wide range of nation-building areas with public investment in relevant types of merit and public goods.

Then the authors propose and test on empirical data an opportunity cost approach to evaluating socially legitimate amounts of funding for the fundamental social benefits “superpower” or “additional power” of the nation.

The cost of the public good “well-being of the future generations” is calculated for the Russian sample.

Finally, the estimates of the discount rates of human lives and “healthy and prosperous years of life” were obtained for Russia for the first time.

The findings of the study are relevant for the efficient management of complex socioeconomic systems. The authors strongly believe that revealing the structure of existing social preferences and estimating their impact on various areas of social life will help improve policymaking by explicitly taking into account the specifics of the real social contract between the state and society.