TESTING SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY USING REINFORCEMENT'S RESIDUE: A MULTILEVEL ANALYSIS OF SELF‐REPORTED THEFT AND MARIJUANA USE IN THE NATIONAL YOUTH SURVEY*

Critics have expressed concerns regarding measurement strategies or analytic techniques often used in social learning research (Horan and Phillips, 2003; Krohn, 1999; Sampson, 1999; Tittle, 2004). In response to these concerns, this study tests the hypothesized causal relationships among reinforcement, general definitions, and self‐reported crime (theft and marijuana use) using a multilevel modeling approach with longitudinal data from the first five waves of the National Youth Survey (NYS), as well as with indirect parent and friend reinforcement measures that incorporate both the assumed products of reinforcement (expected consequences of behavior) and the efficacy of reinforcement (expected influence of the reinforcement source). Within‐subject analyses present a challenge to the theory as social learning variables do not covary significantly over time with criminal offending rates. Between‐subject analyses offer support for the theory as across‐person differences in average parent and friend reinforcement are significantly related to offending rates, and these reinforcement–crime relationships are mediated partially or fully by learned definitions. Implications of these findings are discussed.     

盗窃犯罪及其刑法适用研究

盗窃犯罪数量多、危害大。当前的盗窃犯罪表现出新的特点,有其复杂的原因,应当加强防范。适用刑法,首先应当认真分析、正确认定;其次应当量刑轻缓、罪刑相当。     

从盗窃案现场痕迹析犯罪分子的职业

盗窃案现场的痕迹之所以能反映罪犯的职业特点是因为痕迹有它特定的关联性和客观性。注意发现盗窃犯罪现场罪犯的职业痕迹,对于划定侦查范围、确定侦查方向有着重要的作用。     

Can order of general and specific memory prompts help children to recall an instance of a repeated event that was different from the others?

Does asking about the general event before asking about a specific instance help children to report details of a particular instance of a repeated event that was different from the others? Six- to eight-year-old children either experienced or heard stories about a magic show. An equal number of children had one, four, or six similar experiences. One week later, half of the children were asked to describe what happens during the magic shows and then what happened during the target experience and half were asked what happened followed by what happens. Following free recall, all children were asked cued recall questions about the target instance. Memory reports were more complete when the general prompt was administered first than when it was administered second. Implications for the forensic interviewing of children who allege repeated abuse are discussed.     

交通肇事之自首与行政法之义务的关系辨析

在最高人民法院颁布《关于处理自首和立功若干具体问题的意见》肯定了交通肇事罪中"自首"的存在空间。不能因为行政法规规定了报告义务而认为排斥了刑法评价中的自首情节,行政法上规定的义务不能够简单"移植"到刑法中。把交通肇事后报警并保护现场的行为作为自首情节的评价不仅不与行政规定冲突、不违反禁止重复评价原则,也符合罪刑相适应原则,还有利于保护犯罪嫌疑人的合法权益和节约司法成本。     

盗窃网络虚拟财产行为之定性探讨

盗窃网络虚拟财产的行为目前不宜定性为盗窃罪,网络虚拟财产不属于财物,其价值和经济价值的确定缺乏科学依据,也不能通过扩张解释将其解释为财物。此行为也不构成破坏计算机信息系统罪。运用刑罚对虚拟财产进行保护应持慎重态度。     

对重复保险若干问题的思考

重复保险的立法是以贯彻保险补偿精神、防止不当得利及道德风险的发生、实现各保险人对损失的合理分摊为原则.保险人订立重复保险合同时,对保险人负有重复保险的如实通知义务.凡是投保人出于恶意,以骗取保险金为目的订立的保险合同无效.     

刑事诉讼一事不再理原则研究

一事不再理原则起源于古罗马法,在近现代大陆法系形成了以既判力为基础的一事不再理原则,而英美法系则形成了以禁止双重危险为基础的一事不再理原则。在我国刑事诉讼中存在的重复追诉问题不利于保障人权,应当予以法律控制。     

Identifying gaps in the research literature on illicit markets on-line

As access to technology and the Internet expanded dramatically over the last three decades, so too have opportunities for criminality. Researchers have begun to consider how the Internet enables the formation of illicit markets operating via various communications media in order to sell personal information, hacking tools, and other resources. Many of these studies provide basic information on the operations of on-line illicit markets. There is, however, a need for further research in order to improve the state of the literature and identify key questions to expand our knowledge of the practices of market actors and the social dynamics that facilitate their activities. This article introduces these concepts and outlines the state of the literature generally.     

What Is the Hidden Figure of Delinquency in Girls? Scaling Up From Police Charges to Self-Reports

Research on males shows discrepancies between official records and self-reports of delinquency, thus creating a scaling-up factor. Comparable information for girls is still needed. We investigated discrepancies (scaling up factors) from official records to self-reports in a large sample of girls between ages 12 and 17 (N = 2,450). On average there were three self-reported juvenile female offenders for every individual charged by the police, and for every police charge there were four offenses that were committed. The scaling-up factor was highest in early adolescence, indicating that female offenders at a young age were more likely to stay undetected by the police. The scaling-up factor was significantly lower for African American than white girls: a higher proportion of African American delinquent girls were charged by the police. Racial differences in scaling up were significant only for prevalence, not for frequency of offending. Knowledge about scaling-up factors is important for the design and implementation of intervention programs. We discuss racial differences, implications for justice administration, and practical implications for intervention science.