The retention of personal information online: A call for international regulation of privacy law

New technologies permit online businesses to reduce expenses and increase efficiency by, for example, storing information in “the cloud”, engaging in online tracking and targeted advertising, location and tracking technologies, and biometrics. However, the potential for technology to facilitate long term retention of customers' personal information raises concerns about the competing right of individuals to the privacy of their personal information. Although the European Commission has recently released a proposal for regulation to “provide a data subject with the right to be forgotten and to erasure”, neither the OECD Privacy Guidelines nor the APEC Privacy Framework includes any requirement to delete personal information. While New Zealand includes a “limited retention principle” in the Privacy Act 1993, apart from one limited exception the privacy principles cannot be enforced in court. Taking New Zealand privacy law as an example, this paper examines the issue of retention of customer data, explains why this is a serious problem and argues that although it could be addressed by appropriate amendments to domestic laws, domestic privacy legislation may not be sufficient in an online environment. In the same way as other areas of law, such as the intellectual property regime, have turned to global regulatory standards which reflect the international nature of their subject matter, international privacy regulation should be the next stage for the information privacy regime.     

复行为理论下对轮奸“共同正犯说”之反思

我国刑法将轮奸定位为强奸犯罪的加重情节,而非独立的罪名。因强奸犯罪属复行为犯,复行为中的强制行为之上可成立共同正犯,而奸淫行为具有亲手性和排他性,不能成立共同正犯,各犯罪人只能轮流地、各自地实施奸淫行为。轮奸不是典型意义上的共同正犯,而是数个独立意义上的强奸犯罪之叠加,也只能在宏观上被拟制成为"共同正犯",即多犯罪人"在实现各自轮流奸淫被害人的目的支配下"通过参与实施"团体性"强制行为而实现每个犯罪人对被害人的奸淫行为。     

死刑存废、公众舆论与公众参与——以日本的裁判员制度为视点

国外的实践表明,限制、废除死刑是国家的宏观政治决策,所以公众舆论成为左右死刑决策的重要影响因素,是自然而然的事情。我国决策机构在限制、废除死刑问题上踌躇不前,主要原因也是社会公众对死刑及其适用的强烈支持。从死刑司法与公众舆论之间的互动与交替关系出发,我们应该积极利用公众舆论与死刑司法之间的相互作用机制,形成支持废除死刑的公众舆论,为今后的死刑改革奠定有利的公众舆论基础。从日本裁判员制度实施4年以来的死刑适用现状与舆论调查结果来看,通过扩大死刑司法的公众参与,让社会成员切身感受给出死刑判决所经受的压力,是改变死刑公众舆论的有效途径,完善人民陪审员制度、建立死刑信息公开制度、规范死刑案件公众参与同样是引导公众舆论的有效途径。     

试析台湾当局国家认同观与两岸政策

从国家认同观的视角看待台湾当局两岸统独政策,是研究台湾政治发展和两岸政治关系的一个重要课题;在"中国"国家认同观下,蒋介石、蒋经国时期形成了"两岸统一"政策;在"台湾定位"国家认同观下,李登辉时期制定了"两岸分治"政策;在"台湾"国家认同观下,陈水扁时期推行了"台湾独立"政策;在走向"一个中国"国家认同观下,马英九时期确立了"两岸终极统一"政策。     

死刑制度考察--兼评中国死刑制度现状与发展趋势

死刑是人类历史上最古老的刑罚手段,但传统的死刑观念受到了自然法学派理性主义和刑罚人道主义思想的影响和冲击.目前,世界上大多数国家已废除死刑或基本上不适用死刑,但中国仍保留着死刑制度.本文结合目前死刑在世界范围内及中国的存在状况分析其废除的合理性及在中国范围内存在的现实性.     

行政诉讼检察监督改革二题

依据司法公正原则、尊重和维护审判独立与裁判权威原则、遵循行政诉讼基本原理原则、坚持国家利益和社会公共利益原则 ,进一步完善行政诉讼抗诉机制 ;依据现实需要 ,建立检察机关提起行政诉讼机制     

Adolescent Siblings’ Looking Glass Self-Orientations: Patterns of Liabilities and Associations with Parenting

A looking glass self-orientation refers to the tendency to incorporate the opinions of social partners to form a self-representation and approve of one’s self. These orientations were assessed for two adolescent siblings in 438 families with surveys accessed on-line. Younger (M = 11.6 years, SD = 1.8) and older (M = 14.3, SD = 2.1) siblings and their mothers (82.7% European-American) participated. The siblings shared similar orientations in relying on either classmates or the other sibling for approval, prior to self approval. Relying on classmate approval was significantly associated with adjustment and academic performance as reported by both the self and mothers. Siblings were also identified as sources of approval with implications for adjustment, but the magnitude of the associations with adjustment were lower. Comparisons of the older and younger siblings revealed that both groups were equally as liable to poor outcomes when reflecting the opinions of classmates or siblings. The results of SEM analyses implicate parenting characterized as coercive, rejecting, and chaotic in association with the tendency to rely on others for approval. A mediating role for looking glass self-orientations in associations between parenting and depressive symptoms, anxiety or academic performance was also found.

温针灸联合臂丛麻醉下肩关节松解术治疗风寒湿阻型肩关节周围炎疗效观察

目的 观察温针灸联合臂丛麻醉下肩关节松解术治疗风寒湿阻型肩关节周围炎的疗效。方法 选取风寒湿阻型肩关节周围炎患者90例,采用随机数字表法将其分为温针灸组、臂丛麻醉下肩关节松解术组（关节松解组）、温针灸联合臂丛麻醉下肩关节松解术组（联合组）,每组30例。采用视觉模拟评分法（visual analogue scale, VAS）评价肩关节疼痛程度,采用Constant-Murley肩关节功能量表评价肩关节功能。结果 与治疗前比较,3组患者治疗后VAS评分均显著降低（P<0.05）,Constant-Murley评分均显著升高（P<0.05）,联合组VAS评分降低值和Constant-Murley评分升高值均显著大于温针灸组和关节松解组（P<0.05）。结论 温针灸联合臂丛麻醉下肩关节松解术治疗风寒湿阻型肩关节周围炎的疗效优于单一治疗方式。     

生存或死亡--安提戈涅的自由

当生存要以丧失自由为前提,而自由则必须用牺牲生命为代价时,生命的价值是什么？当我们认同生命是一个过程时,那么生命在时间里的延续是不是尺度？而当这种延续是评价生命的尺度时,人与这世间的动物仍至所有的生物又有什么样的区别？本文通过安提戈涅的悲剧故事揭示了“生存与死亡”这一命题内所掩藏的一个巨大的吊诡, 并提出在人类自由中思想自由是最重要的观点。