英美刑法之严格责任述略

严格责任制度凸显于英美刑法中。结合英美刑法的判例背景 ,可以用案例分析的方式归纳出严格责任的适用标准与价值取向 ;英美刑法理论界对严格责任持有各种观点 ,但对其在实体上和程序上分别定义才是恰当的。严格责任有普通法上的严格责任和制定法上的严格责任之别 ,亦可分为绝对严格责任和相对严格责任。     

关于成立疑难刑事案件研侦机构的设想

各类疑难刑事案件的产生与积压是一种客观存在,快速准确查处各类疑难刑事案件是一种客观要求。从理论上推测,设立一种兼具研究和侦查双重职能的专业机构专门应对各类疑难刑事案件,是可行的、必要的和有效的。应从疑难刑事案件研侦机构的定位、组成与运作等方面考虑,成立疑难刑事案件研侦机构。     

暴力恐怖犯罪案件的侦查讯问对策

暴力恐怖犯罪案件的犯罪嫌疑人讯问难度远远大于其他普通刑事案件，因此，在侦查讯问中。应熟悉案情。掌握犯罪嫌疑人的心理和性格特征；攻心夺气，心战为上；迂回发问、设置圈套；运用模糊概念。促其产生错觉。使其供述障碍向有利于突破上供的方向发展。     

Y-STR基因座应用于刑事案件的独特作用

目的探讨Y-STR基因座在刑事案件中的应用价值。方法采用Y-STR荧光标记复合扩增技术,结合案例应用。结果Y-STR基因座对于涉及男女混合、多名男性混合样本、性别鉴定、父权鉴定等案例中具有特有应用价值。结论Y-STR基因座可应用于法庭科学中的个体识别与同一认定,但在应用中要注意各种特例的发生。     

刑事普通程序简易化是提高诉讼效率的关键

市场经济中的效益要求,在刑事诉讼活动中也有所反映。刑事普通程序案件简化审理,是提高诉讼效益的关键。这一改革措施的主要任务是要对其适用条件及启动程序提出明确的要求,而且对在庭前准备阶段、证据展示、具体的庭审及简化判决文书等方面也要做具体操作的设计。     

DNA技术在系列案件串并中的应用

系列案件、流窜案件时空跨度大,严重影响社会稳定。对其进行及时的串并侦查是一项有效的侦查措施。DNA技术和DNA数据库目前已越来越多地应用于凶杀、强奸、盗窃、抢劫等许多系列案件的串并和认定,为最大限度打击犯罪,合理配置有限的侦查资源提供了强有力的科技支撑。     

Three-dimensional surface topography acquisition and analysis for firearm identification

In the last decade, computer-based systems for the comparison of microscopic firearms evidence have been the subject of considerable research work because of their expected capability of supporting the firearms examiner through the automated analysis of large amounts of evidence. The Integrated Ballistics Identification System, which is based on a two-dimensional representation of the specimen surface, has been widely adopted in forensic laboratories worldwide. More recently, some attempts to develop systems based on three-dimensional (3D) representations of the specimen surface have been made, both in the literature and as industrial products, such as BulletTRAX-3D, but fundamental limitations in achieving fully automated identification remain. This work analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of a 3D-based approach by proposing an approach and a prototype system for firearms evidence comparison that is based on the acquisition and analysis of the 3D surface topography of specimens, with particular reference to cartridge cases. The concept of 3D virtual comparison microscope is introduced, whose purpose is not to provide fully automated identification, but to show how the availability of 3D shape information can provide a whole new set of verification means, some of them being described and discussed in this work, specifically, visual enhancement tools and quantitative measurement of shape properties, for supporting, not replacing, the firearm examiner in reaching the final decision.     

Bank security dye packs: synthesis, isolation, and characterization of chlorinated products of bleached 1-(methylamino)anthraquinone

Banknote evidence is often submitted after a suspect has attempted to disguise or remove red dye stain that has been released because of an anti-theft device that activates after banknotes have been unlawfully removed from bank premises. Three chlorinated compounds have been synthesized as forensic chemical standards to indicate bank security dye bleaching as a suspect's intentional method for masking a robbery involving dye pack release on banknotes. A novel, facile synthetic method to provide three chlorinated derivatives of 1-(methylamino)anthraquinone (MAAQ) is presented. The synthetic route involved Ultra Clorox bleach as the chlorine source, iron chloride as the catalyst, and MAAQ as the starting material and resulted in a three-component product mixture. Two mono-chlorinated isomers (2-chloro-1-(methylamino)anthraquinone and 4-chloro-1-(methylamino)anthraquinone) and one di-chlorinated compound (2,4-dichloro-1-(methylamino)anthraquinone) of the MAAQ parent molecule were detected by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and subsequently isolated by liquid chromatography (LC) with postcolumn fraction collection. Although GC-MS is sensitive enough to detect all of the chlorinated products, it is not definitive enough to identify the structural isomers. Liquid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was utilized to elucidate structurally the ortho- and para-mono-chlorinated isomers once enough material was properly isolated. A reaction mechanism involving iron is proposed to explain the presence of chlorinated MAAQ species on stolen banknotes after attempted bleaching.     

诱惑性侦查比较研究

诱惑性侦查违背了罪刑法定原则,违反了刑事诉讼的被动性和程序正义理念,并且通过诱惑性侦查所取得的证据是非法证据。因而,原则上应当禁止诱惑性侦查。但是,为了打击犯罪的需要,在例外情况下,可以允许有条件地使用诱惑性侦查手段。     

死刑案件被害人权利保护问题

在刑事司法领域,人权保障是一个内涵丰富且不断发展的制度体系。既要保障犯罪嫌疑人、被告人的合法权利,也要保障被害人的合法权利,同时注意二者平衡。1996年《刑事诉讼法》确认了被害人的诉讼主体地位,但由于缺少配套机制,导致实践中出现诸多问题。新《刑事诉讼法》在很大程度上完善了犯罪嫌疑人、被告人的诉讼权利及其保护,但较少涉及被害人的权利保护问题。与普通刑事案件相比,死刑案件给被害人造成的伤害尤为严重,应当给予特别保护。