解决"三农"问题的两种互补模型:外生性发展与内生性发展

目前我国存在的一系列矛盾和问题,在相当程度上都是来自城乡二元结构转变的滞后。城乡二元结构包括城乡二元经济结构和城乡二元社会结构。针对发展中国家应如何改变由城乡二元经济结构所造成的农村经济落后状况,西方经济学家创建了外生性发展与内生性发展两种模型。这两种模型表面上是相互对立的,实际上是相互补充的。这已被中国农村改革与发展的实践所检验。     

Citizens’ Perceptions of Governance in Rural and Urban China

This article presents three main findings from a purposive stratified survey of urban and rural residents. First, Chinese citizens “disaggregate” the state with high levels of satisfaction for Central government that fall dramatically as government gets closer to the people. Satisfaction levels are noticeably lower for those in rural China. Second, attitudes about the way policy is implemented by local governments raise concerns. Irrespective of place of residence, respondents feel that when implementing policy local officials and governments are mainly concerned with their own interests, are more receptive to the views of their superiors rather than those of ordinary people, favor those with money, and are formalistic in implementing policy rather than dealing with actual problems. Third, the areas of work that citizens would really like government to concentrate on are job creation and providing basic guarantees to protect against the shocks of the transition to a market economy. Tony Saich is the Daewoo Professor of International Affairs, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University and Director of the Harvard University Asia Center. His recent research focuses on the development of social policy in China, particularly on the provision of public goods by local governments. His publications include Governance and Politics of China by Palgrave and edited volumes on Financial Sector Reform in China (with Yasheng Huang and Edward Steinfeld) and AIDS and Social Policy in China (with Joan Kaufman and Arthur Kleinman both by Harvard University Asia Center. He would like to thank Edward Cunningham for his great help in preparing this article. He also wants to thank Victor Yuan (Horizon Market Research Company) for his tremendous help in designing the survey and implementing it. In addition, I would like to thank Anita Chan, Martin King Whyte and two anonymous reviewers for their extremely helpful comments on an earlier draft.     

Sustainable governance of natural resources and institutional change–an analytical framework

This article presents a conceptual framework for analysing the governance of natural resource use, as governance is often the primary issue when natural resources are overexploited and degraded. It addresses both spontaneous and active governance, including institutional change induced by development co‐operation. Drawing on existing frameworks of institutional analysis, fundamental modifications are presented to adapt the concept to the context of international co‐operation, and to include dynamic aspects of institutional change as well as multiple actor interactions. Tested in several case studies, the framework was found suitable and relevant for use in project planning and evaluation, as well as for comparing governance issues across cases in a conceptually rigorous way. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Seychelles: Democratising in the shadows of the past

This article is an assessment of the country's governance and the likelihood that the country can break free from the shadow of former President René and his one-party state. The paper examines eight key areas of democratic governance: the constitution and rule of law; the judiciary; the National Assembly; elections; civil society; the internal security forces; economic life; and the executive. Although it finds some changes for the better over the last few years, old habits remain of a politicised judiciary, a blurring of the boundaries between party and state, regime policing, partisan distribution of state benefits and a constrained National Assembly. It concludes with a discussion of the likely role of the former incumbent, given that he still retains the chair of the ruling party and shows little sign of allowing the new President to be his own man. The likelihood of further governance progress for Seychelles depends on the political courage of President Michel.     

转变职能 服务“三农”

乡镇政府作为我国的基层政府,直接面对农村广大人民群众,如何围绕服务“三农”去实现乡镇政府职能的转变,这关系到党在农村各项方针政策的贯彻落实和农村基层政权的巩固。随着农业税的取消以及“以工哺农”发展新时期的到来,农业与农村工作形势发生了巨大的变化,乡镇政府职能必须由侧重经济建设,向强化社会管理和公共服务转变。     

从公共行政人员角色变迁看行政伦理

在转型期 ,公共行政人员的道德缺失显得不可避免 ,尽管有各种解决方案 ,但行政伦理仍然不可或缺。但对“公仆”的传统定位无助于形成合理的对行政伦理的理解。引入当前政府治道变革中的“顾客导向”使得公仆的定位回归到应有的位置 ,在这个维度行政伦理同样重要 ,且有助于实现公众期望与公共行政人员行为的契合。在此基础上 ,行政伦理制度化刻不容缓     

农业"入世"对中国政府的挑战(上)

该文从政府的农业计划管理体制、政府管理农业的职能、政府自主制定农业政策、政府改革农业管理体制等方面阐述了农业"入世"对我国中央和地方政府的挑战,进而论述了对农业和农村体制改革的紧迫性、深刻性和艰巨性,在此基础上提出了对农业和农村体制改革的若干建议,并特别强调农业"入世"的应对与改革必须以保护和增进农民权益为基准和目标.     

农业"入世"对中国政府的挑战(下)

文章紧接上期提出了对农业和农村体制改革的若干建议,并特别强调农业"入世"的应对与改革必须加以保护和增进的农民权益基准和目标.     

我国加入WTO后的"三农"战略转变

中国入世后 ,“三农”的发展战略关键在于把握住机遇参与市场竞争 ,提升农产品及服务的科技与绿色含量和多样性 ,调整供给、适应国内外市场需求。培育、蓄积中国“三农”的国际竞争力 ,必须从基础做起。从资源配置、结构关联、支持方式、农民教育、农业科普、高科技注入、政府服务与农业企业及农户诸方面进行深化和创新。     

董事责任的追究和经营判断的原则

如何公正、合理地追究公司董事在经营中的责任这一问题 ,是公司治理结构中的一项重要内容。本文从美国《示范公司法》、特拉华州的判例以及法学研究所提出《公司治理的诸原理———分析和劝告》三个方面 ,考察和分析美国在董事责任追究中的一个重要判例法理———经营判断原则。从经营判断原则的概念、适用条件以及它的机能等方面加以探讨和研究。