Socio-economic dynamics in slums and implications for sanitation sustainability in Kisumu,Kenya

Lack of sanitation facilities is a major challenge in slum areas, and this has implications on the health and well-being of residents. Sanitation in slums is complex due to slum living conditions, and a detailed understanding of dynamics in slums and how they impact sanitation is required. This study sought to understand the relationship between socio-economic dynamics, and sanitation provision and management in the slums of Kisumu, Kenya. The results indicate a mix of social, cultural, economic, tenancy, and relationship dynamics, all of which influence sanitation provision and management. The article calls for collaboration among various stakeholders and the use of local knowledge dissemination approaches.     

创业文化与振兴东北老工业基地

创业文化是在一定的地域文化中孕育和发展的,是随着社会生产力和社会经济的发展而不断创新的。创业文化是推动社会生产力和社会经济发展的先进文化。东北地区不乏传统的创业文化,但却缺少适应市场经济发展需要的现代创业文化,因而振兴东北老工业基地必须首先振兴东北的创业文化。     

大学生创业过程若干问题评析——以扎根基层创业为例

创业是带动大学生就业的主要形式。大学生在创业过程的不同阶段所面临的中心任务不相同,在创业机会的识别阶段,主要是挖掘和选择商机;在创业机会的开发阶段,主要是快速获取和整合开发创业的机会所需要的相关资源,使资源与商机相协调;在创业成果的积累阶段,创业者主要是建立运作高效的创业团队,合理配置相关资源,以实现商机、资源与团队三个创业内核的动态平衡。     

宏观视角下的充分就业问题

本文认为，创业是深度开发就业岗位的前提，促进就业的潜力极大。一是因资本市场发育滞后所导致的金融支持不足；二是低端服务业市场的经营成本高，限制多。前者涉及加快资本市场改革问题，后者涉及放宽低端服务市场的管制问题。     

Factors affecting the sustainability of a community water supply project in Kenya

This paper examines how three sustainability factors (water supply, regulatory policy, local management) are affecting the sustainability of a community water supply project in Kenya. Findings show that after 10 years the project is at a threshold of sustainability – it may yet fail. Changing rainfall patterns and additional withdrawals from new projects are threatening available water supply. The community is resisting compliance with water sector reforms including those intended to benefit community-managed projects. Community management deficiencies and a lack of supportive external relationships are impeding project continuity and sustainable local water management.     

论任意的诉讼担当之法律构造

任意的诉讼担当是对传统当事人确定理论的突破，我国现行法对其的规定较为零散，范围过于狭窄，尚未形成完整的理论体系。究其原因，是因为受到传统当事人确定理论、律师代理制度及诉讼费用制度等限制因素的影响。德日台等大陆法系国家及地区以选定当事人制度和团体诉讼为中心，形成了较为成熟的任意的诉讼担当体系。我国应在完善当事人确定理论的基础上．以代表人诉讼为中心，引入团体诉讼制度，适当扩大任意诉讼担当的适用范围，重构我国任意诉讼担当的理论体系。     

新形势下思想政治工作的几点思考

市场经济的深入发展和中国“入世”的新形势使医疗卫生系统思想政治工作面临许多新的问题,要求思想政治工作者应提高自身素质,重视以人为本的管理,运用思想政治工作解决实际问题。     

广西社会发展现状、问题及对策探讨

2004年广西的经济社会发展水平有了进一步提高,但是从人口状况、生活标准提高水平、社会公益服务等方面分析,仍存在不少问题,整体落后于经济发展水平,需要通过增加社会事业的投入;缩小地区发展差距;改善薄弱领域社会发展水平等途径提高社会发展水平。     

Developing Durable Infrastructures: Politics,Social Skill,and Sanitation Partnerships in Urban India1

Accelerated national and international efforts to redress the acute lack of infrastructures in the developing world have focused on forging partnerships to spur infrastructure development. This article finds a sore lack in attempts to grasp how infrastructures implemented through multiactor partnerships within entrenched, often volatile, political environments, become durable. Durability is understood here through field analysis, an approach common within the “new institutional” literature. Two case studies of sanitation infrastructure‐making from cities in India are presented as empirical evidence. Failure of the first case and the success of the second in acquisition of durability clearly illustrate the vital role political strategy plays in making infrastructures durable.     

Beyond toilets and targets: sanitation mission in India

In an attempt to address Sustainable Development Goal 6, the Government of India’s initiative, Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), aims to make India open-defecation free by 2018. This viewpoint analyses the consequences of SBM from the perspective of women and water in the context of toilets. With the construction of toilets for 2.4 million people, the vulnerability of women is expected to worsen as available water is scarce. The viewpoint concludes that construction of toilets as a target is difficult to achieve and sustain without green technology design that overcomes the constraints of water and women.