Why is basic service access worse in slums? A synthesis of obstacles

Many residents of urban areas face joint obstacles to basic service access, but these barriers are more prevalent and severe in slum settlements. Analyses of obstacles have typically been conducted in a piecemeal rather than synthetic framework and have focused on access to single services rather than the range of services needed to support household welfare. By contrast, this study uses data from fieldwork in four slum settlements situated in Hyderabad, India to develop a typology synthesising the obstacles – economic, spatial, social, institutional, and political – to the full range of service access desired by residents. Economic differences explain little of the access deficit within this population. While social and institutional obstacles are more likely to explain slum formation and residence over the long term, variation in spatial and political factors present the most acute short-term access barriers. The article concludes by suggesting the most promising means for slum residents and supporting stakeholders to overcome multi-faceted obstacles.     

纽约的温州人

从20世纪80年代起,中国浙江温州人似一匹匹商业黑马,迅速活跃在世界各地。就美国纽约而言,20世纪70年代末,温州人不足5万,现在已达10余万之众。他们不仅在纽约形成了温州社区,而且还克服了身处异国的种种障碍,奠定了生活和事业的基础。纽约的温州人社团和商业活动都异常活跃。温州人是纽约地区近50万华人中较为引人注目的一个重要部分,他们为现代纽约的经济繁荣和发展做出了重要的贡献。他们中的少部分人已进入美国富裕的精英阶层,更多的人则跻身于美国中产阶级队伍,还有一部分人刚刚进步,行进在艰苦奋争的历程中。     

中国经济定型之后社会转型若干问题

与中国的经济转型相比,中国的社会转型远不如前者成功,存在许多值得争议之处。为此,首先需要明确社会转型的四个前提约束条件。在这样的前提约束条件之下认识中国社会转型的具体目标模式,就需要结合构建社会主义和谐社会的总体要求做进一步的理论探索。其中一个关键是如何正确看待社会事业的性质,前一段社会转型出现重大失误的主要原因就是沿用经济转型成功的理念指导社会转型,由此出现了重大偏差,忽略了社会事业自身的三种客观性。     

伟大历程铸就辉煌成就新的工程推进伟大事业——对胡锦涛“七一”讲话的解读

站在宏观视角解读胡锦涛在庆祝中国共产党成立90周年大会上的讲话：就必须全面认识和理性把握我们这样一个伟大光荣正确的党90年来走过的伟大历程和完成的三件大事；就必须通过“高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗帜、坚持和拓展中国特色社会主义道路、坚持和丰富中国特色社会主义理论体系、坚持和完善中国特色社会主义制度”去正确把握党创造的伟大成就；就必须从体系、结构、指针、重点等层面上有序把握党的建设新的伟大工程；就必须从经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设等方面整体把握党正在推进的中国特色社会主义伟大事业。     

论实习生伤害事故的责任承担

实习生在实习期间难免发生伤害事故，但由于种种原因，我国目前对处理实习生伤害事故的法律却并不健全，《工伤保险条例》将实习生伤害事故排除在工伤保险之外，以侵权法来保护受伤害的实习生不仅效率低下、成本较高，而且也不足以有效维护受伤害实习生的权益。在此情形下，有必要重新将实习生伤害事故纳入工伤保险的范围，在立法改变之前，则应充分发挥商业保险的作用，以分散风险，确保受伤害实习生的权益。     

Beyond toilets and targets: sanitation mission in India

In an attempt to address Sustainable Development Goal 6, the Government of India’s initiative, Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), aims to make India open-defecation free by 2018. This viewpoint analyses the consequences of SBM from the perspective of women and water in the context of toilets. With the construction of toilets for 2.4 million people, the vulnerability of women is expected to worsen as available water is scarce. The viewpoint concludes that construction of toilets as a target is difficult to achieve and sustain without green technology design that overcomes the constraints of water and women.     

Not just any toilet – women’s solutions to sanitation in informal settlements in Nairobi

Evidence suggests sanitation development is more effective when women are involved. The purpose of this study was to provide women with an opportunity to share their perspectives and solutions to sanitation in informal settlements. Data were collected through 55 in-depth interviews with women in Mathare Valley informal settlement in Nairobi, Kenya. The most common solution was to build more toilets, but women had a variety of suggestions – including gender-specific solutions. Findings from this study suggest that it is imperative to start addressing women-specific burdens associated with sanitation in informal settlements.     

以物上担保人为视角的担保物权实现的风险承担探析

物上担保人实为债务人同债权人建立主债权债务关系的信用风险的承担人,我国担保法赋予了物上担保人在担保物权实现后向债务人的追偿权,但未明确范围;理论界将追偿权仅限于债权人就担保物实现的债权数额。除此之外,追偿权的范围还应包括担保物权实现（担保物变现）时物上担保人所承受的消极损失,这种消极损失的请求权基础是不当得利的返还。     

韩国反倾销政策法规及其实践

韩国是世界上较早制定反倾销法的发展中国家,也是全球实施反倾销最为积极的国家之一,中国则成为韩国反倾销的首要目标国。韩国反倾销政策法规不仅是其对外实施反倾销的法律依据,也是其保护国内产业和市场最常用的贸易救济手段。韩国反倾销政策法规主要体现在韩国反倾销管理体制、实施反倾销的前提条件以及实施反倾销的具体措施等三个方面。韩国反倾销政策法规在实践中所具有的一些不同于其他国家或地区的特点,为中国应对未来韩国对华反倾销提供了有益启示。     

党政领导干部素质模式研究(下)

二、素质模式的横向比较及分析 为便于进一步说明领导干部素质模式转换及提高的深层问题,为培训者提供有价值的参考依据,以下对革命创业型、文化革命型、改革开放型和现代文明型的四种干部素质模式,从健康、知识、能力(有时含技能)和观念等方面,再依次做一横向的比较研究.