城市化进程中的选择偏差与对策

二十一世纪是城市的世纪 ,也是我国城市化进程加快发展的世纪。著名经济学家斯蒂格利茨曾断言二十一世纪有两件大事将改变世界的面貌 :一是中国的城市化 ,一是美国的高科技。然而由于我国长期的计划经济体制和官本位等封建残余思想的影响 ,城市化的进程与历史的本来规律发生了一定的偏差。     

谈公安机关搜查笔录的制作

搜查是公安机关在侦查工作中获取犯罪证据、查获犯罪分子的重要手段,而搜查笔录是公安机关侦查部门全面记载搜查情况,固定和证明搜查所获证物、犯罪嫌疑人及案件事实等情况的证据文书。其制作是否准确、及时、规范,直接反映了公安机关实施法律,办理案件的情况和过程。文章针对实践中易出现的问题,提出了如何规范制作的见解。     

El Mercurio Lies,and La Tercera Lies More. Political Bias in Newspaper Headlines in Chile, 1994–2010

In this article we examine the presence of bias in Chile's two main daily newspapers, El Mercurio and La Tercera, both of which have historically been associated with the political right. We analyse their principal headlines in the first 100 days of rule of presidents Eduardo Frei (1994–2000), Ricardo Lagos (2000–2006), Michelle Bachelet (2006–2010) and Sebastián Piñera (2010–2014). We find that La Tercera was more critical of all these presidents than El Mercurio. In La Tercera we also identify an ideological bias in favour of Piñera as compared to the centre‐left presidents, and in El Mercurio a greater bias against Bachelet than the other presidents.     

我国搜查制度之重构

搜查是发现证据、查获犯罪人的必不可少的手段,但同时又会对公民的人身自由权、隐私权等诸多基本权利造成侵害,构建搜查制度应兼顾控制犯罪与保障人权、公正与效率的多元价值目标,我国搜查制度存在诸多缺陷,既不利于有效、及时地侦查犯罪,更不能较好地保障人权,应参照法治国家先进作法予以改革和完善.     

清代搜查制度初探

在源远流长的中华法制文明的历史上,尽管有着重实体轻程序的传统,但随着历史的发展,法制文明的进步,传统法上的搜查制度也在实践中不断地完善。清代法制是中国封建法制的高峰,相应的,清代法律中的搜查制度也比较完善。它对搜查的主体、搜查的对象、搜查的执行方式、搜查主体的责任等方面都有比较详细的规定,并且体现出有效保障原则、遵循令状原则、合理根据原则、针对性的搜查原则以及鲜明的国家利益至上的法律思想与人本主义的法律思想。     

Do People Really Lack Knowledge About the Economy? A Reply to Facchini

Facchini uses a behavioural approach to analyse the political beliefs of French people, who he believes are ‘more or less incompetent’ in economics. In this article I focus on his premise that the public are incompetent and that therefore their views, such as being opposed to the market in the case of the French people, should be interpreted as ‘perception bias’. Other economists may echo Facchini, claiming that people who voted Leave in the UK and for Trump in the USA did so because their lack of economic knowledge contributed to an ‘anti‐foreign bias’. However, I argue here that the existing empirical research showing that people lack economic knowledge is flawed. Many economists adopt a questionable approach to the interpretation of public knowledge and the evaluation of what knowledge is important.     

The moment you decide,you divide: How politicians assess procedural fairness

Are politicians more rational decision makers than citizens? This article contributes to the ongoing debate by examining how politicians and citizens assess the fairness of the process leading to a controversial policy decision. It contains theories as to why it is tempting to match the favourability of policy decision with a fairness assessment of the preceding process, and how politicians and citizens differ in their approach to the task. Having derived three hypotheses, parallel scenario experiments are run in large samples of Swedish politicians and citizens, in which the outcome and fairness of a policy decision process are manipulated. As predicted, it is found that both politicians and citizens match the favourability of the decision with the assessment of the process, that these self-serving biases are stronger among politicians, and that policy engagement accounts for the group-level difference.     

试述机动车双号字码建库的可行性、方法及现实意义

为有效地遏制和打击盗抢机动车犯罪，为侦查人员提供现场识别被盗抢机动车的手段，借鉴DNA和指纹建库的方法，对每款车型的发动机号码和车架号码字母、数字形态建库，利用简单设备，即可实现对可疑机动车辆现场对照查验。     

An integrated perspective on the three potential sources of partisan bias: Malapportionment, turnout differences, and the geographic distribution of party vote shares

Partisan bias refers to an asymmetry in the way party vote share is translated into seats, i.e., a situation where some parties are able to win a given share of seats with a lesser (share of the) vote than is true for other parties. Any districted system is potentially subject to partisan biases. We show that there are three potential sources of partisan bias: (1) differences in the nature of the vote shares of the winning candidates of different parties that give rise to differences in the proportion of each party's votes that come to be ‘wasted’—differences which arise because of the nature of the geographic distribution of partisan support; (2) turnout rate differences across districts that are linked to the partisan vote shares in those districts, such that certain parties are more likely to have ‘cheap seats’ vis-à-vis turnout; and (3) malapportionment. In the context of two-party competition over single-member districts we provide a simple formulation to calculate the independent effect of each of these three factors. We illustrate our analysis with a calculation of the magnitude and direction of effects of the three determinants of partisan bias in elections to the US House and the US Senate in 1984, 1986 and 1988; then we consider how to extend the approach to a system with a mix of single- and multi-member districts or to a weighted voting system such as the US electoral college. We then apply the method to calculate the nature and sources of partisan bias in the 1984 and 1988 US presidential elections.     

Conduct and its Consequences: Attempts at Debiasing Jury Judgments

Jurors in negligence cases are supposed to judge a defendant by the reasonableness of his or her conduct and not by the consequences of that conduct. But several studies have shown that a cognitive heuristic known as hindsight bias can skew post hoc judgments of some prior behavior. Thus, jurors who must evaluate the actions of a defendant may be influenced inappropriately by the consequences of those actions. A complementary problem arises when jurors must evaluate the injuries incurred by the plaintiff. Here, jurors' knowledge about the defendant's allegedly negligent conduct can proactively influence their assessment of the plaintiff's injuries and determination of damages. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effectiveness of two procedural techniques intended to reduce or eliminate the impact of hindsight bias in negligence cases—multiple admonitions from a judge about the proper use of evidence—and bifurcation (actually withholding irrelevant evidence from jurors). We presented a re-enacted automobile negligence trial to 355 jury-eligible adults drawn from the community, varied the evidence and instructions that they heard, and measured liability judgments and damage awards from individual jurors both before and after deliberating, and from juries. Results showed that admonitions were generally ineffective in guiding jurors to the proper use of evidence but that bifurcation was relatively more effective. Deliberations had no curative effect on jurors' misapplication of evidence.