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21.
Jurors in negligence cases are supposed to judge a defendant by the reasonableness of his or her conduct and not by the consequences of that conduct. But several studies have shown that a cognitive heuristic known as hindsight bias can skew post hoc judgments of some prior behavior. Thus, jurors who must evaluate the actions of a defendant may be influenced inappropriately by the consequences of those actions. A complementary problem arises when jurors must evaluate the injuries incurred by the plaintiff. Here, jurors' knowledge about the defendant's allegedly negligent conduct can proactively influence their assessment of the plaintiff's injuries and determination of damages. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effectiveness of two procedural techniques intended to reduce or eliminate the impact of hindsight bias in negligence cases—multiple admonitions from a judge about the proper use of evidence—and bifurcation (actually withholding irrelevant evidence from jurors). We presented a re-enacted automobile negligence trial to 355 jury-eligible adults drawn from the community, varied the evidence and instructions that they heard, and measured liability judgments and damage awards from individual jurors both before and after deliberating, and from juries. Results showed that admonitions were generally ineffective in guiding jurors to the proper use of evidence but that bifurcation was relatively more effective. Deliberations had no curative effect on jurors' misapplication of evidence.  相似文献   
22.
This study examined effects of clothing cues on children's identification accuracy from lineups. Four- to 14-year-olds (n = 228) saw 12 video clips of individuals, each wearing a distinctly colored shirt. After watching each clip children were presented with a target-present or target-absent photo lineup. Three clothing conditions were included. In 2 conditions all lineup members wore the same colored shirt; in the third, biased condition, the shirt color of only one individual matched that seen in the preceding clip (the target in target-present trials and the replacement in target-absent trials). Correct identifications of the target in target-present trials were most frequent in the biased condition, whereas in target-absent trials the biased condition led to more false identifications of the target replacement. Older children were more accurate than younger children, both in choosing the target from target-present lineups and rejecting target-absent lineups. These findings suggest that a simple clothing cue such as shirt color can have a significant impact on children's lineup identification accuracy.  相似文献   
23.
Previous research shows that expert testimony on eyewitness memory influences mock-juror judgments. We examined the extent to which opposing expert testimony mitigates the impact of defense-only expert testimony. Participants (N = 497) viewed a video-taped trial involving an eyewitness identification and individually rendered verdicts and evaluated the evidence and the experts. We manipulated the Foils (unbiased vs. biased) and Instructions (unbiased vs. biased) of the lineup and Expert Testimony (no expert vs. defense-only expert vs. opposing experts). Expert testimony did not significantly influence juror judgments, but the opposing expert testimony diminished the credibility of the defense expert in the eyes of the jurors. Results point to the need for further research on conditions that qualify the impact of expert testimony.  相似文献   
24.
由于"呢"字所传达的语气意义必须依附于一定的语言形式时才能发挥作用,所以,教师在教学过程中不适宜在同一时间内将"呢"字的所有用法都讲给学生,应根据其不同级别,在他们掌握了语言形式的基础上将"呢"字的用法分出等级并循序渐进地加以讲解。这样,才能达到事半功倍的教学效果。  相似文献   
25.
“人肉搜索”刑事规制正当性思考   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
已经过去的2008年是中国法治史上不平凡的一年,也是网络文化急剧发展的一年,"人肉搜索"引擎响彻中国。而全国人大代表要求"人肉搜索"入刑化的呼声也惊醒了国人,人们开始对"人肉搜索"现象进行反思,以确保其健康、平稳地发展。  相似文献   
26.
In light of the dramatic increase in the presence of weapons, violence, drugs, and other contraband in schools, school officials in the United States and England face significant challenges as they seek to maintain safe and orderly learning environments. Almost twenty five years after the United States Supreme Court's 1985 ruling in New Jersey v. T.L.O. allowed educational officials to search student lockers and property in order to keep schools safe, the Justices addressed the more delicate matter of strip searches for contraband such as drugs. In Safford Unified School District No. 1 v. Redding (Redding), the Court invalidated the strip search of a student for drugs but left the door open for the possibility of allowing searches for weapons under some circumstances. In light of remaining unanswered questions after Redding, this article reviews the background on the Fourth Amendment, earlier cases on student searches in American public schools, Redding in detail, and reflects on unanswered questions in its wake in the hope of shedding light on the propriety of strip searches of students.  相似文献   
27.
附带搜查制度是现代刑事诉讼搜查制度令状主义原则的一个重要例外,为现代刑事诉讼所普遍确认。我国在建立附带搜查制度时,应借鉴英国、美国、日本等国家的相关规定,合理架构搜查制度体系,明确其启动的前提条件、时间限制、实质要件和范围限制,以弥补立法缺陷,满足侦查实践的需要。  相似文献   
28.
Empirical studies that use reported crime data to evaluate policies for reducing crime will understate the true effectiveness of these policies if crime reporting/recording behavior is also affected by the policies. For instance, when the size of the police force increases, changes in the perceived likelihood that a crime will be solved may lead a higher fraction of victimizations to be reported to the police. In this paper, three data sets are employed to measure the magnitude of this reporting bias. While each of these analyses is subject to individual criticisms, all of the approaches yield similar estimates. Reporting bias appears to be present but relatively small in magnitude: each additional officer is associated with an increase of roughly five Index crimes that previously would have gone unreported. Taking reporting bias into account makes the hiring of additional police substantially more attractive from a cost–benefit perspective but cannot explain the frequent inability of past studies to uncover a systematic negative relationship between the size of the police force and crime rates.  相似文献   
29.
目前网络文化中"囧"字流行,文章从心理学角度分析认为,"囧"字的流行,体现了当代青年人思维模式中偏好直觉思维和形象思维的特点,并从文化心理学角度分析了这样两种思维偏向的原因。  相似文献   
30.
高科技搜查手段的出现,改变了传统搜查的理论依据。高空搜查、高空照相、通讯记录搜查、电波追踪、热像仪、望远镜等高科技搜查手段的使用,使判断搜查的标准发生了变化。  相似文献   
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