SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS AND VIOLENCE: A SUB‐NATIONAL TEST OF INSTITUTIONAL ANOMIE THEORY*

Messner and Rosenfeld's institutional anomie theory is grounded in the assumption that relatively higher crime rates in the United States are due to (1) the overwhelming influence of economic motives and institutions in society, and (2) the subjugation of all other social institutions to cultural economic interests (e.g., the American Dream). Our analysis is designed to extend the limited body of empirical research on this theory in several ways. First, we seek to test the utility of institutional anomie theory for predicting crime rates across aggregate units within the United States (counties). Second, we draw out the theory's emphasis on instrumental crime and suggest that measures of noneconomic social, political, familial, religious, and educational institutions will be particularly relevant for explaining instrumental as opposed to expressive violence. Third, in contrast to prior research, we develop conceptual reasons to expect that these factors will primarily mediate (as opposed to moderate) the relationship between economically motivating pressures and instrumental violence. Our negative binomial regression analyses of data from the Supplementary Homicide Reports and various censuses indicate that the measures of noneconomic institutions perform well in explaining both instrumental and expressive homicides, but that these measures mediate the impact of economic pressures (as measured by the Gini coefficient of family income inequality) to commit instrumental violence most strongly. Further, we find only very limited support for the more popular moderation hypothesis.     

收入差距拉大的社会心理承受力剖析

收入差距拉大的社会现实，必然会引起人们不同的心理反映。人们对这一社会现实的社会心理承受能力是受多方面因素影响的，研究社会心理承受力的阈限，并提出建设性意见，有助于保持社会稳定，推进改革顺利进行。     

Local Government Support for Women in the Informal Economy in Durban, South Africa

This paper examines the response of the city government of Durban to the growth of the informal economy. It argues that, unlike the national government of South Africa, Durban's government has been creative in designing policies that favor informal economy workers, particularly women. These progressive policies are the result of an innovative local government and, to some extent, an emerging self-employed women worker's union that has been able to exert influence on informal economy policies.     

论市场经济、社会信用与我国刑法

市场经济依赖于社会信用 ,信用支持市场经济发展提高。由此 ,信用入法而受到法律的特别保护。在我国的市场经济活动中 ,由于缺乏信用 ,以致造成经济和社会秩序长期混乱。面对我国现实和借鉴发达国家立法经验 ,我国刑法应当从总则到分则对危害信用的犯罪行为作出协调性的全面规制 ,以便与社会道德、其它法律规范形成管理社会、推进文明、发展经济的强大合力 ,造福于公众和后代。     

Distributive justice and willingness to pay for municipality child care

With the aim of investigating factors affecting willingness to pay for municipality child care, a survey was undertaken in Sweden of 1840 parents living in five municipalities of different sizes. On the basis of the greed-efficiency-fairness hypothesis (Wilke, 1991) which is supported by results from experimental social dilemma research, it was hypothesized that perceived fairness of how the quality of child care is distributed (equal, proportional to need, or proportional to payment) as well as of method of payment (collectively by taxes or proportional to use by fees) would be important determinants of willingness to pay. Results showed that perceived fairness of how quality of child care is distributed played some role but that other factors had stronger effects. Perhaps also reflecting fairness considerations, willingness to pay by fees was on average higher than willingness to pay by taxes. Predicted from previous research, willingness to pay by taxes was furthermore found to increase with income and degree of use. However, willingness to pay by taxes showed an increase rather than the predicted decrease with municipality size.     

社会科学界要珍惜和培养无形合作精神

无形合作是人们对学术争论的一种褒扬性表述 ,它对促进学术交流、推动理论的发展有积极意义。目前我国社会科学界在这方面做得还不够。建立学术争鸣的政策保障机制对促进学术争鸣有积极作用 ;在学术争论中要有正确的目的 ,要从团结和澄清事实的愿望出发开展学术争论 ;在学术争论中要培养高尚的道德风尚 ;要注意营造学术争鸣的气氛。     

论"三个代表"与人民民主专政

当前,坚持人民民主专政要求我们认真贯彻“三个代表”重要思想。要充分认识坚持人民民主专政与加强党的建设的统一性,积极推进党的思想、政治、组织、作风、制度建设。     

国家所有权法学诱析

所有权是私法上的概念,而国家所有权兼有公法及私法上的特性,这使得研究国家所有权变得复杂。文章以国家所有权概念为切入点,分析国家所有权的主体、客体、内容、行使及国家所有权保护等相关内容,旨在丰富我国国家所有权理论,以期有益于我国今后的物权立法和国有资产管理体制改革之实践。     

论科学发展观体现的四个统一

坚持以人为本,树立全面、协调、可持续的发展观,是我党从实际出发,适应现代化建设需要提出的。这一科学发展 观体现了以人为本和共同富裕的统一,体现了把握经济规律和自然规律的统一,体现了四个良性循环的统一,体现了经济发展的 质和量的统一。     

诱惑侦查的经济分析

引入经济分析的方法,通过对诱惑侦查的成本与收益关系的分析,得出具有效益的诱惑侦查的实施范围,这种理性的分析方法对于我们探讨诱惑侦查的合法性问题具有一定的借鉴意义。