弱势群体的社会政策模式探析

弱势群体是当今世界各国普遍存在的现象,我国也不例外。关注弱势群体是构建和谐社会的关键。结合现阶段我国的具体情况,针对弱势群体的社会政策模式应当是补偿性社会政策与发展性社会政策相结合。     

论刑法对社会同一性的自我确认

刑法规范在认识上被充分确保与整个社会系统维持一种同一性关系的最关键点在于刑法对社会同一性予以自我确认,而这种自我确认的实现途径就在于将适时性作为刑事立法的一项基本原则。适时性原则,主要是指刑事立法要遵循适应社会现实需要,以确认与社会保持同一性的原则。其价值蕴涵反映出刑法对社会同一性自我确认的本质属性。     

Lay-Perspectives on Criminal Deviance,Goals of Punishment,and Punitivity

Empirical studies corroborate a relatively close relation between goals of sentencing and punitiveness. However, it is not clear what aspects of sentencing goals motivate harsh punishment. This study analyzes the structure of sentencing goals and scrutinizes in particular whether the idea of retribution is associated with punitiveness, or whether punishment considerations from a societal perspective (macrolevel) are the source of more punitive responses. A questionnaire was mailed to a random sample drawn in Bern, Switzerland. A total of 357 persons responded to items measuring constructs including goals of sentencing, punitiveness, target of justice considerations, and perceived threat to society, after reading one of three short stories about specific crimes (fraud, physical injury, assault). Results of this study reveal a two-dimensional structure of sentencing goals. One dimension represents readiness to punish and exclude the offender socially. The other dimension refers to concerns of the victim versus the needs of the society as a whole. The analysis provides a new interpretation of sentencing goals.     

企业促进就业社会责任立法研究

促进就业是当前我们践行科学发展观、构建和谐社会的重要任务,也是企业承担社会责任的重要形式。承担促进就业的社会责任既是企业的道德义务,又是企业的法律义务,它主要体现在企业促进公平就业、促进雇员培训、促进就业稳定和促进失业人员再就业的责任等方面。我国应当加强企业促进就业责任的立法工作,促使企业更好地履行相关社会责任。     

SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS AND VIOLENCE: A SUB‐NATIONAL TEST OF INSTITUTIONAL ANOMIE THEORY*

Messner and Rosenfeld's institutional anomie theory is grounded in the assumption that relatively higher crime rates in the United States are due to (1) the overwhelming influence of economic motives and institutions in society, and (2) the subjugation of all other social institutions to cultural economic interests (e.g., the American Dream). Our analysis is designed to extend the limited body of empirical research on this theory in several ways. First, we seek to test the utility of institutional anomie theory for predicting crime rates across aggregate units within the United States (counties). Second, we draw out the theory's emphasis on instrumental crime and suggest that measures of noneconomic social, political, familial, religious, and educational institutions will be particularly relevant for explaining instrumental as opposed to expressive violence. Third, in contrast to prior research, we develop conceptual reasons to expect that these factors will primarily mediate (as opposed to moderate) the relationship between economically motivating pressures and instrumental violence. Our negative binomial regression analyses of data from the Supplementary Homicide Reports and various censuses indicate that the measures of noneconomic institutions perform well in explaining both instrumental and expressive homicides, but that these measures mediate the impact of economic pressures (as measured by the Gini coefficient of family income inequality) to commit instrumental violence most strongly. Further, we find only very limited support for the more popular moderation hypothesis.     

收入差距拉大的社会心理承受力剖析

收入差距拉大的社会现实，必然会引起人们不同的心理反映。人们对这一社会现实的社会心理承受能力是受多方面因素影响的，研究社会心理承受力的阈限，并提出建设性意见，有助于保持社会稳定，推进改革顺利进行。     

Local Government Support for Women in the Informal Economy in Durban, South Africa

This paper examines the response of the city government of Durban to the growth of the informal economy. It argues that, unlike the national government of South Africa, Durban's government has been creative in designing policies that favor informal economy workers, particularly women. These progressive policies are the result of an innovative local government and, to some extent, an emerging self-employed women worker's union that has been able to exert influence on informal economy policies.     

论市场经济、社会信用与我国刑法

市场经济依赖于社会信用 ,信用支持市场经济发展提高。由此 ,信用入法而受到法律的特别保护。在我国的市场经济活动中 ,由于缺乏信用 ,以致造成经济和社会秩序长期混乱。面对我国现实和借鉴发达国家立法经验 ,我国刑法应当从总则到分则对危害信用的犯罪行为作出协调性的全面规制 ,以便与社会道德、其它法律规范形成管理社会、推进文明、发展经济的强大合力 ,造福于公众和后代。     

Distributive justice and willingness to pay for municipality child care

With the aim of investigating factors affecting willingness to pay for municipality child care, a survey was undertaken in Sweden of 1840 parents living in five municipalities of different sizes. On the basis of the greed-efficiency-fairness hypothesis (Wilke, 1991) which is supported by results from experimental social dilemma research, it was hypothesized that perceived fairness of how the quality of child care is distributed (equal, proportional to need, or proportional to payment) as well as of method of payment (collectively by taxes or proportional to use by fees) would be important determinants of willingness to pay. Results showed that perceived fairness of how quality of child care is distributed played some role but that other factors had stronger effects. Perhaps also reflecting fairness considerations, willingness to pay by fees was on average higher than willingness to pay by taxes. Predicted from previous research, willingness to pay by taxes was furthermore found to increase with income and degree of use. However, willingness to pay by taxes showed an increase rather than the predicted decrease with municipality size.     

社会科学界要珍惜和培养无形合作精神

无形合作是人们对学术争论的一种褒扬性表述 ,它对促进学术交流、推动理论的发展有积极意义。目前我国社会科学界在这方面做得还不够。建立学术争鸣的政策保障机制对促进学术争鸣有积极作用 ;在学术争论中要有正确的目的 ,要从团结和澄清事实的愿望出发开展学术争论 ;在学术争论中要培养高尚的道德风尚 ;要注意营造学术争鸣的气氛。