基于红外光谱无损区分可擦中性笔墨水色痕的研究

可擦中性笔墨水色痕形成文件的检验是目前法庭经常遇到的问题,建立一种简便、灵敏、快速、定性准确的区分可擦中性笔墨水色痕种类的方法是当前公安实战部门所需要的。研究中利用红外显微镜,采用单点模直接采集可擦中性笔墨水色痕的红外光谱。实验结果表明,根据样品红外吸收光表征的红外吸收峰的位置、数目、强度及形状可将不同品牌的可擦中性笔墨水色痕区分开来。     

Detection of Gunshot Residue on Dark‐Colored Clothing Prior to Chemical Analysis

Detection of gunshot residue (GSR) is an arduous task for investigators. It is often accomplished with chemical tests, which can reveal elements and ions indicating the presence of GSR, but are likely to cause physical alteration to the pattern. In this study, the Spex Forensics Mini‐CrimeScope MCS 400, along with 16 accompanying wavelength filters, was applied to various GSR patterns and target types. Three dark shirt materials, four ammunition calibers, and eight ammunition manufacturers, along with the primer residue of the different manufacturer ammunitions were tested. Results indicate the alternate light source wavelength of 445 nm to be the optimal setting. In addition, target material plays a large role in the preservation of GSR patterns as particles burn. Furthermore, it can be extrapolated that residue, observed from a full round and firing distance of six inches, is mostly composed of unburnt gunpowder residue, not primer residue.     

An innovative method for human height estimation combining video images and 3D laser scanning

Digitalization has increased the number of video surveillance systems that sometimes capture crime images. Traditional methods of human height estimation use projective geometry. However, sometimes they cannot be used because the video camera surveillance system is not available or has been moved and there are no reference lines on the frame. Scientific studies have developed a new method for human height estimation using 3D laser scanning. This model necessarily requires a series of approximations, which increase the final measurement error. To overcome this problem, in the present study, images of a subject are projected directly on the 3D model, estimating the height of the subject. This article describes the methodological approach adopted through the analysis of a real case study in a controlled environment executed by Carabinieri Forensic Investigation Department (Italy). The aim is to obtain a human anthropometric measure derived from frames extracted from the videos associated with the digital survey of the framed area obtained with 3D laser scanning and point cloud analysis. The result is the height estimation of five subjects filmed by a camera obtained through the combination of 2D images extracted by a DVR/surveillance systems with 3D laser scanning. Results show that most estimated measurements are less than the real measurement of the subject; it also depends on the posture of the subject while walking. Furthermore, results shows the differences between the real height and the estimated height with a statistical approach.     

Open Source Governance—A More Ambitious Cousin of Collaborative Governance

Open source represents a model generally known for its success in software production. The objective of this article is to establish a new strategic approach of using open source development principles for managing collaborative arrangements between citizens and public administration. The identity of open source governance is developed by highlighting how it is different from its main “competitor”—collaborative governance, and from other two popular concepts—open government and e-democracy. The other sections are designed to answer to public managers regarding why and what to adopt from this governance model for public sector services.     

规范化量刑方法：应用、问题及完善

规范化量刑方法是最高人民法院在总结司法经验的基础上,经过多年的试点探索而最终得以形成的.这种量刑方法的基本做法是：将与犯罪有关的事实和情节进行合理划分,进而针对这些事实和情节进行分步量刑,最后得出宣告刑.规范化量刑方法的科学性是比较明显的,但是,将这一量刑方法作为基本的刑罚裁量方法,其在目前也仍然存在着一些不够合理和不够充分之处.为进一步发挥我国规范化量刑方法在有效促进量刑的公正性和合理性方面的重要作用,当前有必要对这一量刑方法进行必要的充实和完善.其中,重点就是要解决量刑起点的合理确定问题,并同时将这一量刑方法的规范性有效拓展至无期徒刑以及不同种自由刑并罚的合理适用方面.     

Gender,Migration and Multiple Livelihoods: Cases from Eastern and Southern Africa

Focussing on Kenya, Lesotho and South Africa, this study examines the social impact in migrant-labour source areas of dramatically reduced employment prospects in urban areas. It considers the implications for rural livelihoods and the role which gender relations play in making possible, or impeding, people's ability to construct diversified livelihoods. When livelihoods change, gendered rights, responsibilities and power must be renegotiated. Husbands and wives may acknowledge interdependencies and negotiate, or they may disengage. Marriages may break down, or women become reluctant to marry at all, as the material basis of the household is undermined. These outcomes do not represent social breakdown, but residential instability is likely to become more common.     

A Review of: “Media and Conflict: Framing Issues,Making Policy,Shaping Opinions,edited by Eytan Gilboa”

Using survey data from statewide political party convention delegates in four states, I investigate whether and how gender stereotypes influence nomination choice. I examine whether gaining candidate information from different sources differentially influences gender stereotypes and the likelihood of supporting both a female and a male nominee. I argue that information sources outside a candidate's control—delegates' discussions with other delegates—versus sources candidates can control (e.g., campaign contacts and personal contact with the candidate) work against female candidates' nomination. Specifically, when delegates learn about candidates via the most controlled sources, they will be more likely to view the candidates as possessing both masculine and feminine traits and issue competencies. As a result, they should be more likely to support the candidate. In contrast, information from sources outside candidate control functions differently for male and female candidates: These sources confirm delegates' stereotype expectations, negatively affecting perceptions of a female candidate's masculine strengths, which then negatively relate to supporting her nomination. The results generally support these ideas: Delegates receiving information from the most controlled sources form balanced views of the female candidate, but the positive effects of information from these sources on nomination choice are not mediated by stereotypes. In contrast, delegates gaining information from other delegates confirm their stereotypes of the candidate and are then less likely to support her. More broadly, gender stereotypes, particularly those regarding female candidates' masculine traits and feminine issue competencies relative to the candidate's male opponent, directly and positively relate to delegates' likelihood of supporting her.     

人体组织/体液来源的法医学鉴定

生物检材的组织/体液来源鉴定是法医学检验的重要内容之一。法医学组织/体液鉴定的方法较多,无论是基于酶促反应或免疫学检测的传统鉴定方法,还是光谱法或近年来基于mRNA、microRNA或DNA甲基化差异的分子生物学组织鉴定技术,均各有特点。本文就各种法医学组织/体液鉴定方法的特点及其法医学应用价值作一简要综述。     

进一步开创和把握陕西经济又好又快发展

开创和把握陕西经济又好又快发展,必须在发展战略上,正确处理"好"与"快"的关系,纠正在"好"与"快"关系处理中的片面认识,坚定地树立又好又快的发展目标,把科学发展的理念贯彻在每个项目建设上,落实在每个经济行为中;必须抓住陕西经济发展的现实机遇,创造全国阶段性高增长水平;必须进一步创新陕西经济发展理念,打造持续健康增长的坚实支点;必须正视挑战,破解风险,保持全省经济发展的和谐氛围。     

The use of a tunable light source (Mini-Crimescope MCS-400, SPEX Forensics) in dissecting microscopic detection of cryptic epithelial particles

As skin particles are often deposited by even a single skin contact, the detection of skin debris is important for evidence collection and DNA testing. Unfortunately, even when a dissecting microscope is used by an experienced examiner, epidermal particles are often hard to find and these traces of evidence might escape DNA analysis. Fluorescence is defined as the property of absorbing short-wavelength light and emitting longer-wavelength light. By virtue of the fluorescence characteristics of many target materials, tunable light sources assist in the macroscopic search of crime scenes and items. We combined the dissecting microscope and an alternate light source to examine the fluorescence characteristics of skin and skin particles. In a comparative study, small skin scales were hidden between sand, fibers, and soil probes, and it proved possible to search more successfully with less time and effort. On staged casework exhibits, the efficiency of the screening aid was again tested and the usability of the new procedure shown.