也论减价制度

减价是当事人一项选择性的救济权利，并且减价同时应该被理解为包括涨价在内。减价制度的意义在于维持合同的风险均衡，持续当事人的风险分配格局，激励或促进效率的履行和资源的效率配置。为此减价计算中的比例关系应是：履行时履行地不符合约定的履行与符合约定的履行的市场价格之比。减价的构成条件就是履行不符合约定且买方接受，实质就是买方接受了不符合约定的履行，所以此制度一般性地适用于各种违约救济，不限于特定类型的合同。由于存在减价与终止合同或主张赔偿的选择，减价出现的几率并不高。另外，减价不以修理、更换或重做等救济用尽为原则。     

污染源普查:官方主导抑或排污方主动申报——评《全国污染源普查条例》及其实施方式

全国性污染源普查——覆盖全国范围内全部污染源的调查——是必要的。但如何普查才能使效果既显著、花费又最低则是必须考虑的首要问题。《全国污染源普查条例》所规定的普查方式与本文设计的调查流程具有相同的机理：信赖排污方，相信其填报数据的真实性。但是前者调查成本远远高于后者，而调查效果和效率都不及后者。因此需要彻底反思现有的普查体制，废止该实施方式。     

签字笔水、圆珠笔油红外发光特性的研究

目的记录不同激发光、接收滤光镜下,各种油墨红外发光强弱的程度,为文字检验提供基础性的研究。方法用多波段光源中510~650nm单色光激发各种油墨样本,全波段物证检验CCD系统记录样本在530~950nm接收滤光镜下出现的红外发光图像。结果多数油墨在接收滤光镜到达800~850nm时,呈现出强烈的红外发光状态,并随接收波段的上升而开始衰减。结论可利用某些油墨的发光与否,发光强与弱的特性,检验案件中涂改和涂抹字迹。     

恐怖主义的根源及其防治对策分析

恐怖主义有其产生的历史因素、政治因素、文化因素和民族、宗教因素。针对恐怖主义活动这一特殊的犯罪活动,对策方面必须体现特殊性:立法上要体现国际合作的精神;要以防为主,防控结合;要建立一套统一协调的管理机制,特别是军警配合机制;要使侦查技术手段与安全检查、安全防范有机结合。     

浅析不作为犯罪的义务来源

不作为犯罪是我国刑事犯罪的重要组成部分,它与作为犯罪一样具有严重的社会危害性。研究不作为犯罪,首先要明确不作为犯罪的义务来源,不作为犯罪的义务来源是不作为犯罪的核心问题,它包括四个方面:法律明文规定的义务,先行行为引起的义务,职务或业务上要求的义务以及法律行为引起的义务。除此之外,道德义务不应成为不作为犯罪的义务来源。     

Self-expression and collaborative ‘pro-sumption’ in the digital brandscape

ABSTRACT

The evolution of the global economy has seen the emergence of a digital market space. The collaborative and expressive nature of interactive media and technology allows users to participate in the production and publication of branded content within digital communities of affinity. This presents increased possibilities for self-expression, as well as unlimited opportunities for participation in determining and influencing brand narratives. The digital brandscape has therefore become a collaborative space where surplus brand value is produced, but also where struggles in terms of power and counter power between brands and brand consumers evolve. Against this background, this conceptual article explores the brand challenges the notion of consumer brand self-expression poses in a collaborative open-source context where brand identity is constantly challenged, and brand narratives are continuously written and rewritten by multiple brand authors. The article concludes that it is important that brands do not navigate these risks by adopting defensive stances, but rather boldly seize the opportunities that these technologies offer for creating new market linkages and for developing customer insights that create innovative brand value and impact, by tapping into opportunities for creative self-expression.     

Investigating the Potential of Fluorescent Fingerprint Powders as a Marker for Blow Fly Larvae (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

Four fluorescent fingerprint powders (RedWop^?, GreenWop^?, Basic Yellow^?, and Yellow Powder^?) were evaluated as a marker for blow fly larvae. Administration methods included ingestion (high vs. low concentration) or topical. Ingestion of high concentrations of Basic Yellow^? and RedWop^? caused higher larval mortality. Basic Yellow^? delayed development and adult emergence while RedWop^? and Yellow Powder^? had a significant effect on particular stages of development, however, emergence time was not altered. Optimal administration is through ingestion at low concentration levels (<10%) or topically, with GreenWop^? demonstrating minimal adverse effects. Optimum wavelength for discrimination between powders was 450 nm. This research can aid in investigative training to increase visibility of larval and pupal blow flies. It can also be used in entomological studies to differentiate between larval blow flies (or other dipteran) species or individuals to further understand complex interactions and behavior during larval development.     

Identification of Natural Images and Computer‐Generated Graphics Based on Statistical and Textural Features

To discriminate the acquisition pipelines of digital images, a novel scheme for the identification of natural images and computer‐generated graphics is proposed based on statistical and textural features. First, the differences between them are investigated from the view of statistics and texture, and 31 dimensions of feature are acquired for identification. Then, LIBSVM is used for the classification. Finally, the experimental results are presented. The results show that it can achieve an identification accuracy of 97.89% for computer‐generated graphics, and an identification accuracy of 97.75% for natural images. The analyses also demonstrate the proposed method has excellent performance, compared with some existing methods based only on statistical features or other features. The method has a great potential to be implemented for the identification of natural images and computer‐generated graphics.     

日本预防组织犯罪对策的要点及其启示

日本包括西方许多国家的组织犯罪,在某种意义上均可说是与制度有关或由制度造成,因此,日本基于这种环境,在＂对策＂中首先从＂法＂的高度进行组织保障,从＂修法＂起步,制定＂纲要＂指南、规范过程实施,强化重点保证,以及在宏观处立足、在过程中掌控细节等。随着中国国际化程度的不断提高和经济全球化进程的不断提速,国际上的一些职业犯罪包括敌对势力和邪教等组织肯定都会把触角伸向中国,中国警方必须积极应对、未雨绸缪,制定中国式的预防组织犯罪对策,即充分发挥制度优势,清除组织犯罪滋生成长环境、把组织犯罪消灭在萌芽状态和拒之于国门之外。     

对波普尔证伪主义的探究

证伪主义是波普尔在批判归纳主义与证实原则的基础上建立起来的,是波普尔整个哲学思想的基础,它既是波普尔解决＂分界问题＂与＂归纳问题＂的关键,也是波普尔的科学认识论与方法论的基础。通过对证伪主义的辩证分析,为我们的哲学与科学的发展提供有用的经验。