Local governments and their arm’s length bodies

ABSTRACT

In this paper, we discuss the state of the art on the creation of arm’s length bodies (ALBs) by local governments. We make three main contributions. First, there are many different types of ALBs and each country has its own categories; an expert survey was held identifying three common types of body, to enable future comparative research. Second, we point out that the creation of ALBs has led to a number of new challenges for local governments, particularly regarding governing bodies at arm’s length to ensure ALBs’ good performance. A lack of capacity and information have to be countered, for example, by increased monitoring – also for democratic accountability purposes. Special attention is needed for the multiple principal problem that arises when local governments jointly create ALBs. Third, research into local ALBs is still in its early stages. We present a research agenda to develop knowledge on the topic.     

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论公安机关在艾滋病防治中的作用

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Taking enforcement on its own terms: EPA's heavy‐duty diesel engine litigation

The authors of Regulation by Litigation characterize the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)'s enforcement action against diesel engine manufacturers as an effort to achieve by litigation what the Agency was unable to achieve by regulation: immediate reductions in emissions of nitrogen oxides. By substituting litigation for rulemaking, the authors of the book argue, the Agency avoided political and judicial accountability and put itself on a suboptimal policy track. This comment argues that the diesel engine litigation may be better understood as what it purported to be, an enforcement action, not rulemaking in disguise. The authors' characterization of the litigation is questionable on at least two grounds. First, it fails to fully appreciate the distinct functions of enforcement and policymaking in a regulatory setting. The goal of enforcement is not primarily to make policy, but to enforce it – to punish violators, deter future violations, and mitigate harms caused by violations. That goal supplies the proper measure of the litigation's success. Second, in applying public choice analysis to create a story of agency circumvention of appropriate rulemaking procedures, the authors' account misses key features of how agency enforcement decisions are made – and were made in this litigation. This latter shortcoming raises broader questions about the difficulties of applying public choice analysis in complex institutional settings.     

我国人力资源市场中介服务机构信息监测的特点与发展

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论群体上访政府机关事件预警机制

群体上访政府机关事件已成为威胁政府机关安全的重要因素。群体上访政府机关事件呈现一些新动向,政府相关部门应加强对群体上访政府机关事件的预警机制建设,即加强监测机制、预测预报机制、预控机制等建设。     

警察专业发展:内涵、路径与保障

警察职业是一种专业,警察是履行执法职责的专业人员,其执法水平的提高有赖于他们的专业发展。警察系统不仅应建立包括职前高等学历教育、入职训练、在职提高一体化的、贯穿整个职业生涯的警察专业发展制度,而且,还应制定相应的专业标准和职业资格制度,促进和保障警察专业持续发展,专业地位不断提高。     

论公私法互动影响下海员外派机构的法律定位——以上海自贸区负面清单为视角

2014版上海自贸区负面清单不仅未明确海员外派机构的法律定位,反而令其面目更为模糊,外资准入多轨制问题也悬而未决.在厘清劳务类条约、经贸类条约和中国国内法框架下海员外派法律制度的基础上对公私法规则互动影响下海员外派机构的权利义务和主体资质问题进行研究.提出应注意到中国加入的不同性质国际条约间的相互影响,抓住契机解决国际条约在自贸区内的适用问题,从而在理顺各层次法规关系的前提下对负面清单下海员外派机构的法律地位作出明确规定.     

论其他承担行政任务的组织

在现代西方国家,在传统的行政机关之外存在其他承担行政任务的组织,如公法人或公共机构甚至私法组织。在中国,有一些非行政机关或行政机构的事业单位和社会团体,由法律、法规授权或由行政机关委托,也承担一定的管理职能。对行政机关以外的其他承担行政任务的组织进行比较和分析,具有重要意义。     

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