The Cold War and Third World revolution

Much of the Cold War took place in the Third World. The three works authored by Gregg A. Brazinsky, Winning the Third World: Sino-American Rivalry During the Cold War; Jeffry James Byrne, Mecca of Revolution: Algeria, Decolonization, and the Third World Order; and Jeremy Friedman, Shadow Cold War: The Sino-Soviet Competition for the Third World, are reviewed here and they provide historical details. A consistent theme that emerges is the importance of ideological factors in driving the events are discussed. It is also clear that the Third World states were not passive objects of pressure from great powers but had agendas of their own. These books provide useful material for theorists of international relations and policy makers.     

我国死刑缓期执行制度评析

死刑死缓执行制度,是我国刑法中一项重要的刑罚制度,修订后的刑法典对之加以进一步完善,一定程度上克服了79年刑法典规定的不足,但仍存有瑕疵与逻辑漏洞,并直接导致司法适用上的困难。本文对死缓的法条设置与司法适用的有关问题作了剖析。     

Differentiated childhoods: impacts of rural labor migration on left-behind children in China

This article draws on data from research that includes 400 children who lived separately from their migrant parents in 10 rural communities in China, to explore the deep impacts of rural parents' migration on the care-giving and nurturing of children left behind. It shows that parent migration has brought about multiple impacts, mostly negative, on the lives of children, such as increased workloads, little study tutoring and supervision, and above all the unmet needs of parental affection. Children's basic daily care and personal safety could become problematic since surrogate caregivers, mostly elderly, are usually exhausted with livelihood maintenance. With illumination on the family dysfunction in children's development due to migration-induced family separation, this article highlights the social cost to rural families of parental migration. Urbanization in developing countries is obtained at the expense of rural migrants and their families, especially children left behind. Further attention is required to improve left-behind children's well being within split family structures and interregional migration.     

论死刑核准权的收回与死刑复核程序的完善

少杀、慎杀是严格限制死刑适用的重要刑事政策。因特定时期的需要而将部分死刑案件的核准权长期、大范围下放,带来诸如死刑适用的标准不统一,二审程序与死刑复核程序“合二为一”,违反法律适用和法制统一原则,不符合尊重和保障人权原则等严重弊端,应当采取果断措施,将死刑核准权收回。设立最高人民法院分院是将死刑核准权收回最高人民法院的最佳方案。并结合司法实践,就应否坚持全面复核、全案复核、规定死刑复核案件审理期限、实行开庭审理、死刑案件实行三审终审制等如何完善死刑复核程序问题进行了探讨。     

关于1960年代中国与东欧五国关系的若干问题——来自中国档案文献的新证据

1960年代中苏关系走向分裂时期,中国与苏联东欧集团中的保、捷、东德、匈、波五国的关系,受到中苏关系演变的约束,随着中苏两党两国关系的变化而起伏波动。1960年代初期中苏关系一度实现缓和后,中国与东欧五国的关系也随之呈现冷热交替,以争取缓和为主的特点。1962年末63年初,中苏围绕古巴导弹危机和中印边界冲突问题开始酝酿新的斗争。中共将对苏方针调整为以斗争、进攻为基调,准备与苏共进行论战;苏共则部署东欧五国在东欧四国党代会上对中共展开批判。中共与苏东集团意识形态公开论战开始。随着中国文化大革命运动的启动,中苏边界冲突逐步升级为局部战争,中苏关系进入敌对状态,中国与东欧五国关系也严重恶化。1960年代中国对东欧五国方针的变化,总体上与中国的对苏方针同步发展,但也有不同的内容和特点,根据时期的演进呈现出不同的变化。中国以分化苏东集团为主要目的而采取的区别对待方针突出反映在中波关系上。就总体言之,1960年代中共对东欧五国的方针既不断变化,又相互矛盾,其结果非但没有达到分化苏东集团的目的,反而在某种程度上加强了苏东集团的凝聚力。     

Sentence identification system based on criminal law ontology

In this research, an identification system is proposed for the benefit of determining a possible sentence and retrieving the related cases under criminal law codes of Thailand. The system is based on the developed criminal law ontology for the advantage of structuralizing and semanticizing in selected articles. From the underlying legal elements described in law codes textually, the ontology shall provide the determination of possible sentences which consist of judgment and theoretically figured range of punishments. An application has been designed and demonstrated in two consequential modules: the legal elements identification and the sentence identification. The developed ontology and its extended web application will be shown and illustrated as a sequential flow and evaluated by the legal experts and the end-users. The evaluation results showed that the averaged satisfactions for both groups of experts and end-users were 89% and 84%, respectively.     

Customizing English Language Program for EFL Learners

This paper discusses the importance of having a customized instructional approach specifically for students who are learning English as a Foreign Language （EFL） in the foreign language setting. Most of the innovations introduced by the Education Ministry of Malaysia such as the Communicative Language Teaching （CLT） and phonics are suitable for ESL （English as a second language） learners, while the EFL learners are still left behind. A suitable teaching approach which customizes the needs of the students in EFL setting, especially in the state of Terengganu should be introduced. The main focus of the program exploits reading and writing skills in providing language input since these two skills are more dominant in terms of utility and functions among the EFL students as compared with the ESL students who are enable to exploit speaking and listening skills because of the natural setting. The research investigates the prospect of developing a suitable language teaching program based on 10 basic sentence patterns （10SP） which are exploited through the principles of transformational generative grammar and customized learning experiences focusing on reading as a bridge in acquiring other language skills such as writing, listening, and speaking.     

应提高巨额财产来源不明罪的法定刑

我国巨额财产来源不明罪的法定刑过低 ,刑罚措施单一 ,罪与刑不相适应 ,有放纵甚至“鼓励”犯罪之嫌。宜加大主刑的适用力度 ,增设罚金刑和资格刑以严密法网 ,严厉打击贪污犯罪。     

‘Their life in your hands’: the experiences of prison-based psychologists conducting risk assessments with indeterminate sentenced prisoners in the United Kingdom

ABSTRACT

Assessing prisoners’ risk of recidivism and making risk-management recommendations is central to the work of prison-based psychologists. Risk assessment is particularly crucial when it involves indeterminate sentenced prisoners: psychologists’ recommendations have potentially significant consequences both for prisoners and the public. However, little is known about psychologists’ experiences of conducting such high stakes risk assessments. This paper reports the results of an exploration of psychologists’ experiences, via interviews and discussions with qualified, prison-based psychologists. Analysis using Grounded Theory methods identified one super-ordinate category of meaning, namely The Challenging Context of Risk Assessment, which comprised two sub-categories: (1) pressure of limited resources and (2) pressure of the environment. An additional major category, Risk Assessment as a Weighty Task, comprised three sub-categories: psychologists described (1) a weight of responsibility relating to the magnitude and range of their responsibilities; (2) a weight of expectation from colleagues to provide solutions, and (3) the trainee dilemma associated with the need to balance development of trainee psychologists’ competence in risk assessment with being held accountable for their work. Understanding qualified psychologists’ experiences of undertaking risk assessments with indeterminate sentenced prisoners can facilitate improvements and build on areas of existing good practice.