控制下交付国际准则研究

《联合国禁止非法贩运麻醉药品和精神药物公约》《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》与《联合国反腐败公约》对控制下交付国际准则作了明确的规定,具体包括适当使用原则、逐案判断原则、安全原则、同意原则、国家主权原则等五项基本准则,并在区域性国际公约、国际协议和国内法中得到广泛体认和贯彻。基于"条约必须信守"的原则,我国也必须体现和遵循控制下交付国际准则,然而由于国际公约对控制下交付国际准则并没有作出详细规定,所以我国在通过制定国内法严格遵守、履行控制下交付国际准则的同时,还必须对如何贯彻控制下交付国际准则做进一步的精细化制度设计。     

Wrongful convictions and claims of false or misleading forensic evidence

The results are reported of a study to examine case factors associated with 732 wrongful convictions classified by the National Registry of Exonerations as being associated with “False or Misleading Forensic Evidence.” A forensic error typology has been developed to provide a structure for the categorization and coding of factors relating to misstatements in forensic science reports; errors of individualization or classification; testimony errors; issues relating to trials and officers of the court; and evidence handling and reporting issues. This study, which included the analysis of 1391 forensic examinations, demonstrates that most errors related to forensic evidence are not identification or classification errors by forensic scientists. When such errors are made, they are frequently associated with incompetent or fraudulent examiners, disciplines with an inadequate scientific foundation, or organizational deficiencies in training, management, governance, or resources. More often, forensic reports or testimony miscommunicate results, do not conform to established standards, or fail to provide appropriate limiting information. Just as importantly, actors within the broader criminal justice system—but not under the purview of any forensic science organization—may contribute to errors that may be related to the forensic evidence. System issues include reliance on presumptive tests without confirmation by a forensic laboratory, use of independent experts outside the administrative control of public laboratories, inadequate defense, and suppression or misrepresentation of forensic evidence by investigators or prosecutors. In approximately half of wrongful convictions analyzed, improved technology, testimony standards, or practice standards may have prevented a wrongful conviction at the time of trial.     

当代中国社会变迁与都市女性择偶观嬗变

都市女性择偶观的嬗变是当代中国社会变迁的折射和反映;社会结构与社会分层的变动影响了主流社会资本在不同社会人群中的分配,那些占据主流社会资本的人群自然是都市女性择偶时的首选对象;尽管不同时代的都市女性择偶的对象不同,但通过婚姻改变命运却是这些女性的共同特性。     

域外配偶继承权制度立法修法之争及启示——以配偶继承权与夫妻财产制的关联性为中心

域外配偶继承权制度立法或修法之争显示,配偶继承权是和夫妻财产制紧密相联的,要构建配偶继承权制度,必须注意与夫妻财产制相对应,以平衡对配偶继承权和对直系血亲继承权的保护。因此,在夫妻财产共有制下,无需修改现行《继承法》有关配偶的继承顺序及份额,亦无必要通过规定居住权即用益权以及先取权再行保护;但在夫妻约定财产制下,则有必要通过明确配偶的继承份额和特留份这一有效方法,保障别产制下的生存配偶在另一方死亡时的财产清算。另一方面,通过完善老年配偶的必继份制度、建立后位继承制度来保障老年配偶的继承权,构建少子高龄化下的我国配偶继承权制度。     

Can Minimum Wage Standards Reduce Wage Inequality in China？

Along with rapid economic growth over the past several decades in China, wage and income inequalities have also widened over time. This paper analyzes the relationship between the labor market institutions and the labor market outcomes by focusing on the effects of China＇s compulsory minimum wages on wage inequality. The study chooses the year of 2004 as a starting point in consideration of the fact that the new regulation of minimum wages begun to implement in 2004. The main purpose of the study is to utilize quantitative methods to investigate whether the new regulation played a role in preventing wage inequality from further widening. The results show that, without the increases of minimum wages from 2004, the overall wage inequality could further widen in 2006. This observation holds true for male and female workers and for different regions. The paper concludes that China＇s compulsory minimum wages might raise the wages of poor-paid workers, but the system itself is only one instrument in helping poor-paid workers. To a large extent, the rise of workers＇ wages depends on tripartite collective wage bargaining. For China, where the real function of trade union has been questioned, solving the issues of widening wage and income inequalities still has a long way to go.     

论社会保险服务及其公平性

本文立足于我国社会保险存在的问题,对社会保险的性质进行反思,认为社会保险本质上是一种服务,是国家向劳动者提供的分担相关风险的公共服务,不仅应当供应充足,满足每一个有权享受的社会劳动者的需求,而且应当以公平性为出发点和归宿点,确保每一个社会劳动者都能公平地享受。而要衡量社会保险法规政策以及各级政府和社会保险经办机构的工作是否符合公平性的要求,必须建立相应的公平标准,从覆盖范围的广泛性、参与机会的均等性、义务履行的一致性和基本权利的保障性四个方面,明确社会保险应当达到的水平。     

The over-citation of Daubert in forensic anthropology

The 1993 US Supreme Court decision Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. presented new guidance for the judicial assessment of expert witness evidence and testimony in the determination of admissibility. Despite the rarity of admissibility challenges to forensic anthropology evidence, Daubert is frequently cited in published forensic anthropology research. This study undertook a qualitative thematic analysis of forensic anthropology articles published in the Journal of Forensic Sciences to assess why authors continue to cite Daubert and express concerns over potential exclusion. The results show a significant increase in the number of articles that cite legal admissibility standards over time (p < 0.001). Authors frequently cite these standards to contextualize their results within the Daubert framework or to justify the need for their research. Notably, many articles present Daubert as a constraining force, misinterpreting the guidelines as rigid criteria or that they require methods to be strictly quantitative. However, Daubert was intended to be a flexible tool for judges—not a standard or instruction for scientists. While it was reasonable to reflect on the scientific rigor of methods in the wake of the Daubert decision, a new perspective is warranted in which forensic anthropologists shift their focus from trying to “satisfy” admissibility guidelines to adopting quality assurance measures that minimize error and ensure confidence in analytical results, and developing and using methods that are grounded in good science—which is important regardless of whether or not the results are ever the subject of a trial.     

犯罪成立的法律标准之反思与重构-基于对情节要素的独立评价

认定是否成立具体的犯罪是定罪活动的核心任务。传统刑法理论关于“犯罪构成是犯罪成立的充分条件”的命题,在犯罪概念与犯罪构成、定性因素与定量因素之间关系的处理上存在着“剪不断理还乱”的悖理与纠葛。合理解决此等困扰,只有突破犯罪成立标准的传统认识,将集中体现行为社会危害性程度的概括性情节因素置于犯罪构成之外独立评价,进而重新构建犯罪成立的法律标准,即“犯罪构成＋情节非显著轻微=犯罪成立”。     

德国违宪审查中的立法裁量理论及启示

违宪审查是"少数对多数的否定",尊重立法者避免司法过度介入立法是违宪审查的前提。德国联邦宪政法院综合立法领域的特殊性、立法事项的可判断性以及所涉及权益的重要性,判断立法的裁量空间,认可立法行为的合宪性。立法裁量理论划定了违宪审查启动的起点,避免司法过度介入立法。     

From developmental to regulatory state? Japan's new financial regulatory system

Abstract

Recent financial reforms in Japan and elsewhere in Asia represent, for various authors, a fundamental shift in financial governance and in state–business relations in the region. The old ‘developmental’ state in East Asia has supposedly made way for a neoliberal ‘regulatory’ state, with its emphases on agency independence and the non-discretionary enforcement of rules. I show in this paper that this interpretation exaggerates the extent of the transformation in the important case of Japan. Although the outward institutional forms of economic governance in Japan, as with many Asian developing countries, has changed dramatically since the mid-1990s, discretion still remains at the core of economic and financial policy. In the area of Japanese banking regulation and supervision, I show how this highly discretionary application and enforcement has been consistent with domestic political pressures. The result is a substantial divergence between superficial convergence upon international regulatory standards and underlying behaviour. I also give reasons why globalization does not mean that this hybrid regulatory model is unsustainable.