联合国准则与警察保障人权

保障人权是联合国公约中的一项重要内容 ,警察在国家刑事司法体制和政治体制中的重要性 ,决定了它必须对人权予以足够的保护。根据联合国准则的要求 ,本文从逮捕和羁押、无罪推定、沉默权、公民的待遇等多个方面对我国现行法律有关警察保障人权的规定进行了检讨 ,并提出改革建议。     

强奸罪立法的反思与重构

传统的强奸罪只将犯罪对象限定为女性,由于时代的不断发展,在强奸犯罪的领域出现了女性强奸等各种不同的新情况,而我国强奸罪的现行立法面对这些新情况则没有回应。本文通过对强奸罪的女性主体、男性犯罪对象、婚内强奸以及强奸罪的"自诉"化等问题进行探讨,指出:女性可以成为强奸罪的主体;强奸罪的犯罪对象也可以是男性;对未成年人应特别保护;强奸罪的一些情况可以纳入"自诉"案件的范围。     

女性择偶的动因与需求--以云南楚雄直苴村彝族择偶为例

择偶既是个体和家庭的需要,又是人类衍化的需要.在不同的社会历史环境中,择偶的动因和需求不同,而社会的政治背景和主流文化往往主导着择偶的方向.从一个相对封闭的彝族村寨的女性择偶变化过程,可以看到社会经济发展的速度和文化变迁的特色.     

Competitive Distortions in EU Environmental Legislation: Inefficiency versus Inequity

In the European Union a number of emission standards for stationary sources have been harmonised. For many years the legal basis has been article 100 EEC (renumbered as article 94 by the Amsterdam Treaty), which calls for harmonisation to eliminate and prevent distortions of competition in the common market. In the paper, two views of distortion of competition are distinguished: either as an inefficiency in the allocation of resources or as an inequity of starting conditions. At first sight, the inequity interpretation seems to have been the primary motive for harmonising source emission standards. However, a closer investigation reveals that actual harmonisation policies also partly reflect the inefficiency view. Implicitly, the harmonisation policies of the EU may trade off efficiency and equity.     

The re-occurrence of violations in occupational safety and health administration inspections

How well do firms in the United States maintain compliance with occupational safety and health administration (OSHA) standards after being cited for a violation? How and why does this vary among standards? This paper identifies serious violations of 91 frequently cited standards at manufacturing plants during 1992–2002 and tracks compliance with that standard in later inspections over 10 years. While formal measures of Repeat violations are quite low, we find considerably higher re-violation rates for some standards once we look separately at how often health standards are cited in later health inspections and safety standards cited in later safety inspections. Characteristics of the standards affect re-violation rates, but not always in the expected direction. Standards whose violations are rated as more hazardous or which received higher initial penalties tend to have more re-violations. These findings could reflect inspector behavior, with those standards getting more attention and thus being cited more frequently. When, as in the case of OSHA and other enforcement agencies, we know about violations only when inspectors cite them, we need to consider bureaucratic behavior as well as employers' incentives.     

论环境标准在行政诉讼中的效力——以德国法上的规范具体化行政规则为例

一般说来,环境标准是否具有拘束法官或者法院的效果取决于它的法律性质.但是,近20年来,在以德国为代表的一些发达国家开始承认传统上只具有内部效力或者间接外部效力的环境标准作为法院裁判行政案件的依据.德国法上把这类环境标准称为规范具体化行政规则.尽管这种做法对传统行政法理论提出了挑战并因此遭到部分学者的批判,但支持者认为,规范具体化行政规则有其法理上的根据.我国承认这类环境标准对法院之拘束力有其必要性和可行性.当然,要发生拘束法院的效果,必须满足一定的条件.     

论民法典法定离婚理由的设计及残疾人权益保护

正在制定的我国《民法典·婚姻家庭编》(草案)第856条是整个离婚制度的核心。其立法主张和立法技术彰显了整个离婚制度的价值追求和逻辑体系。但是,从整个制度设计上看,其也存在利益失衡和逻辑失范之处。其概括条款"其他导致夫妻感情破裂的情形"缺乏对"重大"和"有责配偶请求权"的限制,整个离婚理由缺乏"苛刻条款"等平衡弱势配偶权益的制度设计。上述缺陷对残疾人离婚权益保护具有负面影响,借助对残疾人离婚案件实证分析所得出的数据,参考世界最新立法例和国际社会最新相关成果,增设"重大情形""残疾人配偶提出离婚需设限制性条件""苛刻条款"以及限缩"第830条重大疾病范围"等立法建议,将对《民法典·婚姻家庭编》(草案)离婚制度构建中残疾人婚姻权益保障有所裨益。     

The Effect of More Demanding Public Services Quality Standards on the Organization of Service Providers

ABSTRACT

This research aims to investigate the effects that more demanding quality standards have on the organization of public service providers. A hypothetical research model showing the relationship between the quality of public service and the organization of public service providers was tested through a survey carried out with managers of water companies located in Italy. Results show that the new regulations impact on the organization in terms of resources and the performance management system, while the degree of centralization (i.e., the hierarchy of authority and degree of participation in decision-making) is not significantly related to the more demanding quality standards.     

Does child care quality matter? A comparison of children's developmental outcomes across classrooms with different quality standards

It has long been an established view that children who attend high-quality early learning programs are more likely to be school ready. However, some studies have found that program quality is not as important to child outcomes as is participating in some form of early learning. This study aimed to compare 2 early learning classrooms in the same school with different quality standards to determine whether the differences in quality significantly affected children's developmental gains during the academic year. Results indicated no significant differences in the developmental outcomes of children on the basis of classroom type. One possible explanation for the lack of differences is that both classrooms were in the same school. Other studies have found that child care programs benefit from partnerships with programs that have higher quality standards. The findings demonstrate a need for further research about the benefits of child care program partnerships.     

证明标准再探--最高人民法院证据规则第73条质疑

最高人民法院证据规则的颁行,拉开了民事诉讼立法的序幕,似乎成为我们民事诉讼法制化进程中的一个里程碑.但是,从另一方面来看,该规则却显露了我们在民事诉讼立法方面的重大缺漏.因而,试图借助证明标准,以小见大,透视我国民事诉讼立法中隐藏的、同时又是我们所熟视无睹的疾患,旨在提出一种重新解释第73条的思路,希望对我国民事立法和司法都有所助益.