Performance of the supervised learning algorithms in sex estimation of the proximal femur: A comparative study in contemporary Egyptian and Turkish samples

Sex estimation standards are population specific however, we argue that machine learning techniques (ML) may enhance the biological sex determination on trans-population application. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) versus nine ML including quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA), support vector machine (SVM), Decision Tree (DT), Gaussian process (GPC), Naïve Bayesian (NBC), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Random Forest (RFM) and Adaptive boosting (Adaboost) were compared. The experiments involve two contemporary populations: Turkish (n = 300) and Egyptian populations (n = 100) for training and validation, respectively. Base models were calibrated using isotonic and sigmoid calibration schemes. Results were analyzed at posterior probabilities (pp) thresholds >0.95 and >0.80. At pp = 0.5, ML algorithms yielded comparable accuracies in the training (90% to 97%) and test sets (81% to 88%) which are not modified after employing the calibration techniques. At pp >0.95, the raw RFM, LDA, QDA, and SVM models have shown the best performance however, calibration techniques improved the performance of various classifier especially NBC and Adaboost. By contrast, the performance of GPC, KNN, QDA models worsened by calibration. RFM has shown the best performance among all models at both thresholds whereas LDA benefited the best from using both calibration methods at pp >0.80. Complex ML models are not necessarily achieving better performance metrics. LDA and QDA remain the fastest and simplest classifiers. We demonstrated the capability of enhancing sex estimation using ML on an independent population sample however, differences in the underlying probability distribution generated by models were detected which warranted more cautious application by forensic practitioners.     

“不合规”规划许可合法性审查的检视与司法空间政策的形成

“不合规”是不符合国家强制性标准的简约表达,我国各地法院对于“不合规”规划许可是否合法的裁决并不一致。国家强制性标准具有法律约束力,把公法意义上对“不合规”规划许可的合法性审查转化为私法意义上对居民是否获得侵权补偿的审查是不妥的,认定“有补偿则合法”实际进行了“超越法律的法的续造”,会产生负外部性效果,因而在公法层面上“不合规”则不合法的判断模式是成立的。为适度发挥司法空间政策形成功能,可确认经补偿之“不合规”许可违法而不予撤销,并制度性激活反向征收作为补救措施,为城市持续发展服务。     

论量刑建议权的有效行使

量刑建议权有效行使以司法分权理论、程序过程理论为其理论依据。在量刑建议权有效行使的标准上存在着两个误区——将审判监督权与量刑建议权行使标准等同和将公诉权中的定罪请求权与量刑请求权的有效行使标准等同。有必要确立有效行使标准的原则，并确立量刑建议权有效行使的宏观标准和微观标准。     

基于财务报表列报准则的中外对比分析

2014年1月财政部完成了对《企业会计准则第30号——财务报表列报》的修订工作。作为集中反映企业会计确认和计量的结果载体的财务报表,其列报方式的改变会对会计信息产生重大的影响。新准则与原准则和国际准则之间在总则、基本要求、资产负债表、利润表、所有者权益变动表、附注等方面都存在很多变化,这种变化就是对各项会计规定作了很好的整合,进一步完善了我国企业财务会计准则体系,因而对规范企业行为、提高会计信息透明度、增强财务报表的决策有用性等方面,都具有重要意义。     

会计准则变更对企业盈余管理的影响:对国有与非国有公司的考察

基于2003-2010年上市公司的数据,采用应计利润法计量盈余管理水平,比较国有公司和非国有公司盈余管理水平上的差异,同时对新会计准则实施前后上市公司的盈余管理水平进行比较,并对2007年之后的数据进行逐年回归,对其变化趋势做出分析.研究表明:国有公司的盈余管理水平相对于非国有公司更弱；新会计准则对于企业盈余管理水平具有明显的抑制作用,国有公司和非国有公司的盈余管理水平差异先减小后增加.     

平等规范的审查标准与立法者的裁量余地——以德美两国为例

无论在大陆法系的德国,还是英美法系的美国,平等规范都是司法审查最为借重的依据之一。但是,由于平等规范与其它宪法规范相比更为抽象和空洞,它的具体适用问题也更显复杂。实践中,德美两国各自发展出了完全不同的审查标准去适应“平等”判断的要求。由于立法者的裁量余地是其所共同面对的问题,它构成了贯穿平等规范审查标准理论发展的一条线索,是从理论上澄清平等原则审查标准之原委所不可逾越的部分。因此,有必要从立法者的裁量余地入手,对德美两国的不同审查标准进行比较分析,借助“原则”理论,从立法者裁量余地变化的原因的角度,对审查标准背后的运作机理进行解读。     

私人标准对SPS协定的挑战

食品安全领域私人标准的大量涌现成为国际贸易的新课题，其产生是几方合力的结果，有着特定的社会基础和自身发展规律，对国际食品贸易的负面影响大于积极影响，特别对发展中国家中小食品生产和经营者不利。私人标准在提供更高水平安全食品供给的同时，对SPS协定构成了新的挑战，而现有SPS协议框架对私人标准的规范存在无管辖权、对非政府实体没有明确界定等诸多法律困境。以何种方式对私人标准进行回应将是SPS委员会亟待解决的问题。     

贪污罪量刑基准体系的构建及回归分析

应当根据刑法规定,通过贪污罪的犯罪结果与处刑数量之间的线性关系,把定量分析方法应用于贪污罪的处刑实践,并依此建立了贪污罪的量刑基准体系,以准确确定被告人应当承担刑事责任的数量,这样,可以减少司法实践中法官个体之间对贪污罪行为处刑的差异。     

What's Love Got To Do With It?: Perceptions of Marital Positivity in H-to-W Aggressive, Distressed, and Happy Marriages

Husbands' and wives' perceptions of positive relationship behaviors and interactions (e.g., caring gestures, reasons for staying married, frequency of positive communication) were assessed in a sample of maritally happy (H), maritally distressed but non-aggressive (D/NA), and maritally distressed and husband-to-wife physically aggressive (D/H-to-W) couples. As expected, the relationship positivity reports of the two groups of maritally distressed couples differed from the happily married couples. In addition, D/H-to-W spouses gave different reasons for staying married than did D/NA spouses (i.e., love versus family roles and commitments). Spouses in D/H-to-W aggressive marriages were also less likely to report using intimate language with their partner than were spouses in either of the other two groups. Few gender differences were found. Results underscore the importance of considering the role of love and intimacy in husband-to-wife aggressive and distressed marriages.     

侦查阶段证明标准的重构

侦查阶段的证明标准相对模糊,可操作性不强,而且,绝大多数刑事案件的最终处理机关是人民法院,因而应当立足于司法实践的要求与证明任务完成的需要,对侦查阶段的证明标准重新设置。设置的内容包括实体内容与程序内容。