濒危物种保护压力下的乡村发展困境——陕西朱鹮国家级保护区的例子

陕西朱鹮国家级保护区的调查与分析表明,保护优先原则绝对化与片面化的贯彻,不仅抑制了社区和当地人的发展,而且也降低了以此为基础的保护绩效。当地社区所采用的“参与式发展”模式,存在着体制和立法等与中国广大农村现实不能完全适应的问题。这些困境都有待于关注“本土化”的人类学进行深入研究。     

社区民警压力的来源及解决措施

社区民警当前承受的压力逐渐加大 ,主要是由于社区民警下段时间得不到保障、责任范围不断扩大、职能部门功能错位和民警素质欠缺所致。对此 ,可以通过推行社区巡访工作模式、明确社区民警工作职责、转变职能部门工作作风和增强民警各项素质来解决。     

Peer pressure and adolescent substance use

Peer influence is regarded as one of the strongest determinants of juvenile delinquency and particularly adolescent substance use. A commonly held view is that social pressure from friends to use drugs and alcohol is a major contributor to substance use. Yet the notion of peer pressure, implied by the association between peer-group associations and drug behavior, is seldom tested empirically. As a crucial test of the group pressure model, this research examines the role of peer pressure in mediating the effect of differential association on individual use. Moreover, few studies examine the nature of the relationship between peers and substance use as it relates to the processes leading toand from use. Drawing on differential association and social learning theories, our research specifies the social processes (socialization, group pressure, social selection, and rationalization) which dictate particular causal pathways leading to and from substance use and then estimates the reciprocal influences among differential association, social pressure from peers, attitudes favorable toward substance use, and individual use. Using the 1977–1979 National Youth Survey panel data, we estimate a covariance structural equation model allowing for correlated measurement error. In the cross-sectional analyses, we find no main effects of overt peer pressure on substance use. Estimation of the reciprocal effects model also reveals that overt peer pressure does not significantly influence substance use and does not mediate the effect of differential association. Instead, the influences of socialization, social selection, and rationalization play significant roles in understanding substance use.An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 1994 American Society of Criminology meetings in Miami, Florida.     

医源性新生儿肺气肿—附3例分析

报道了3例新生儿肺气肿,均发现实质性肺气肿、间质性肺气肿和大泡性肺气肿,其中1例伴有气体广泛蓄积于软组织间隙,表现为自肺间隔开始,经肺门至纵隔,并直达胸、颈、腹、腹股沟等处皮下组织和阴囊。所报道的新生儿肺气肿原因被认为是抢救时加压吸氧造成。     

Further investigations into the speed of cerebral swelling following blunt cranial trauma

An anesthetized sheep model of traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been developed to assess early changes in intracranial pressure (ICP) following closed head injury. Immediately after TBI, a transient (<10 min) hypertensive response occurred, followed by significant and prolonged systemic hypotension. ICP demonstrated a biphasic response, being seven times baseline values of 8 ± 2 mm Hg 10 min after injury, decreasing to 25 ± 2 mm Hg by 30 min, and then increasing to values exceeding 30 mm Hg by 4 h postinjury. ICP was always significantly higher than baseline values, which combined with hypotension, reduced cerebral perfusion pressure to less than 60% of normal. This early and sustained increase in ICP after craniocerebral trauma acutely alters cerebral perfusion pressure and brain oxygenation and provides a potential pathophysiological explanation for immediate clinical manifestations in humans following significant TBI.     

犯罪压力下的警力资源不足之探讨

中国警力资源不足是客观存在的,造成中国警力资源不足最为主要的原因是犯罪压力太大,而不是警民比例"太低",警民比例"低"是受认识和计算方法的影响所至,仅用警民人数比例生搬硬套来说明警力不足既不全面也不科学,存在很多理论上的误区和漏洞.除犯罪压力影响外,经费保障不足和资源结构配置不够合理造成警力资源失衡、警察体制机制问题、警察工作倦怠以及警察大量的身心健康问题也加剧了警力资源的不足.针对警力资源不足,可采取的相应对策有进一步深化改革,推进"三基"工程建设,将工作落到实处,注重在科技强警上下功夫,给警力松绑,增加经费的投入,从制度上提供良好的后勤保障环境,从优待警,留住警察人才,以及关心警察、注重解决警察的身心健康问题等.     

我国当代社会阶层成因探析

改革开放以来,我国实现了计划经济向市场经济的转化,社会经济、政治以及文化结构发生了深刻地变化,我国社会阶层结构也出现了变革,产生了一些新的社会阶层。研究我国当代新的社会阶层形成的原因,对于正确认识当前的社会阶层结构变革,认识新的社会阶层具有现实意义。     

针刺联合生物反馈治疗盆底松弛型便秘疗效观察

目的 观察针刺联合生物反馈治疗盆底松弛型便秘的临床疗效。方法 将60例盆底松弛型便秘患者随机分为研究组和对照组。研究组30例,采用生物反馈疗法联合针刺支沟、大肠俞、肾俞、长强、天枢、八髎等穴位;对照组30例,仅予以生物反馈治疗。治疗前和治疗至少1个疗程后,分别进行临床症状评分、肛管压力测定和Glazer评估。结果 两组便秘疗效比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,研究组便秘疗效明显优于对照组。在降低排便费力、排便间隔、肛门直肠阻塞感积分,升高肛门直肠最大收缩压和最大耐受量,以及升高盆底表面肌的快速收缩值、耐受测试值及持续收缩值方面,研究组均明显优于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论 针刺联合生物反馈治疗对盆底松弛型便秘疗效确切。     

封建俄国缙绅会议简析

在 16、17世纪社会各阶层发展形成的基础上 ,应沙皇专制统治要求 ,召开了缙绅会议。它形式上是软弱的 ,根本不是选举的代议机关。但它是在俄罗斯统一国家形成之后 ,中央集权国家发展这个环节当中 ,等级君主制政治结构的一种典型表现形式。在社会发展的历程中 ,缙绅会议出现了 ,然后又被淘汰     

新时期社会利益结构的转型

当代中国社会规模巨大的阶层分化,实质是社会利益结构的转型,即从建国初期建立并维系了几十年的整体性社会利益结构向多样化的社会利益结构转变。这是一个关系着每一个利益群体利益得失的复杂问题。分析新时期社会利益结构转型的构成、特点与利益需求是党代表人民利益的必要前提。