Traumatic Events and Symptoms Among Mexican Deportees in a Border Community

Research on traumatic events experienced among Mexicans deported from the United States is scant. Using clinical interviews, this study assessed the frequency of traumatic events and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among 47 Mexican deportees in a U.S.-Mexico border community. The majority of participants (98%) reported having experienced one or more traumatic events (M = 9, SD = 5) and nearly half met DSM-IV-TR criteria for PTSD. Meeting criteria for PTSD was associated with a higher number of traumatic events. Results suggest that prevention, intervention, and policy efforts are necessary to improve the well-being of this understudied immigrant subgroup.     

The influence of sense of coherence,self-care and work satisfaction on secondary traumatic stress and burnout among child and youth residential care workers in Switzerland

The present study aimed to investigate the incidence of post-traumatic and secondary traumatic stress as well as burnout symptoms among child and youth welfare workers in residential care in Switzerland and to assess the predictive value of sense of coherence, self-care, and job satisfaction. A sample of 319 child welfare professionals in Swiss child and youth residential care was assessed using questionnaires that addressed sense of coherence, perceived collective efficacy, self-care, and work satisfaction, as well as symptoms of traumatic stress and burnout. Linear regression analyses were conducted to determine the influence of sense of coherence, self-care and job satisfaction on symptoms of burnout and traumatic stress. Enhancing sense of coherence, work-related self-care and work satisfaction could reduce stress symptoms and increase the well-being of child and youth welfare staff. The authors discuss how child and youth residential care institutions could improve these factors among their staff.     

谈警察临战应激

应激,是在出现应急事件时产生的高度紧张的情绪状态。应激可能来自方方面面,包括:环境因素、生活因素、工作和学习因素以及突发事件等等。只要当环境需求超过了个人处理能力时,应激就会产生。适度应激,能增强机体的适应能力,提高完成任务的效率和质量。超强度的应激,会对机体产生损害,降低完成任务的效率和质量。临战应激,是警察在临战中产生的一种有着鲜明职业特征的情绪状态。临战应激的性质,决定临战成败。当前形势下,应急事件越来越频发,应激发生越来越频繁,对警察临战的影响越来越大。临战警察的应激能力正受到人们越来越广泛的重视。     

Adolescents’ Mental Health Outcomes According to Different Types of Exposure to Ongoing Terror Attacks

This study investigates the impact of several types of exposure to terror attacks on adolescents’ psychological outcomes in the context of ongoing terror. A total of 913 adolescents (51% girls) aged 12 to 18 years (12–13.6 = 33%; 13.7–15.6 = 38%; 15.7–18 = 28%) took part in the study. Detailed data were collected concerning objective, subjective and “mixed” types of exposure to terror, as well as demographics, post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), emotional and behavioral problems and overall psychological and psychiatric difficulties. Subjective exposure was found to be the most important contributor to adolescents’ post-traumatic stress and other mental health problems in this context. Gender also had important effects. The effects of objective and mixed types of exposure, as well as age, were less prominent. We did find, however, that the more adolescents consulted media, the less they experienced behavioral and emotional problems. Given that subjective experiences appear to be the best factor in explaining mental health outcomes when adolescents are confronted with persistent terror, the cognitive and emotional dynamics along with the coping behavior linked to such experiences merit further investigation.

Posttraumatic Stress as a Mediator of the Relationship Between Trauma and Mental Health Problems Among Juvenile Delinquents

This study investigated the interrelationships among trauma exposure, PTSD, and mental health problems in a sample of 289 adolescents (199 male, 90 female) detained in a juvenile correctional facility. Mean differences were found in that females scored higher than males on measures of interpersonal trauma exposure and symptoms of both simple and complex PTSD. Females also endorsed more mental health problems in the areas of depression/anxiety, somatic complaints, and suicidal ideation. For all youth, trauma exposure, PTSD, and mental health problems were correlated. Results of structural equation modeling were consistent with the hypothesis that PTSD mediates the relationship between interpersonal trauma and mental health problems for all youth, although the results were stronger for females.

Financial and Political Factors Motivating the Privatisation of Municipal Water Services

Financial and political factors are widely considered to be an explanatory factor of the privatisation of public services. However, the empirical evidence in this respect is not convincing. This paper considers elements of long-term financial condition and ideological and political strength, together with other socio-economic factors and the effects of the current global financial crisis, to address the financial stress–privatisation relationship, with respect to urban water services, observed during the period 2002–2012 in Spanish municipalities. A discrete time survival model is applied, and the results obtained show that certain elements of financial condition, together with political and ideological factors, are decisive influences in decisions to privatise urban water services. We also highlight the major impact of the Great Recession and its effect on the financial stress–privatisation relationship.     

Theoretical Perspectives on Post-Migration Adaptation and Psychological Well-Being among Refugees: Towards a Resource-Based Model

Research on the psychological well-being of refugees has focusedon deficiencies within individuals either in terms of psychiatricsymptoms or feelings of distress. To achieve a more holisticview of the life experiences of refugees, we need to look atthe limitations of our current theoretical models. This articlecritically examines some of the major theoretical approachesthat have guided research on the psychological well-being ofrefugees: the medical model, the psychosocial stress model andBerry's (1997) ‘acculturation framework’. It goeson to examine Hobfoll's (2001) Conservation of Resources stresstheory, a model which has important implications for refugeeresearch. Drawing upon the models reviewed, the last sectionoutlines a conceptual framework for adaptation among refugees.At the heart of it lies the concept of resources. However, resourcesmust be understood in terms of the individual's needs, personalgoals and the demands he or she encounters. Each of these conceptsmust be examined in the context of the pre-migration, flightand post-migration phases. The additional concept of constraintson the use of or access to resources is particularly relevantto the post-migration phase. Such a conceptual toolkit couldprove especially useful in going beyond quantitative data topresent the human stories of refugees. It could also sensitizeresearchers to the impact of host societies on the well-beingof refugees.     

逍遥散对慢性应激肝郁证模型小鼠卵泡发育障碍的影响

目的 观察逍遥散对慢性应激致肝郁证模型小鼠卵泡发育障碍的作用。 方法 将雌性ICR小鼠随机分为正常组、模型组和逍遥散组,每组20只。采用慢性不可预见应激复制肝郁证小鼠模型,促性腺激素促排方法观察排卵数,苏木精-伊红染色法观察各级卵泡发育情况,酶联免疫吸附试验检测卵泡内分泌雌二醇、孕酮功能。 结果 与正常组比较,模型组小鼠排卵数、正常次级卵泡和窦卵泡数、血浆雌二醇和血清孕酮水平显著减少（P<0.05）,闭锁次级卵泡和窦卵泡数显著增加（P<0.05）;逍遥散组上述指标较模型组显著逆转（P<0.05）。 结论 逍遥散可改善慢性应激致肝郁证小鼠的卵泡发育,促进小鼠排卵和生殖内分泌功能。     

酸枣仁皂苷A对脂多糖诱导星形胶质细胞C6氧化损伤的保护作用

目的 采用脂多糖（lipopolysaccharide,LPS）诱导星形胶质细胞C6的氧化应激模型,以研究酸枣仁皂苷A（Jujuboside A,JuA）的抗氧化活性。方法 体外培养大鼠星形胶质细胞C6。采用MTT法检测各组细胞的存活率,采用Western blot法检测星形胶质细胞标记蛋白（glial fibrillary acidic protein,GFAP）的活化情况,采用Griess还原法测定细胞上清液中一氧化氮（nitric oxide,NO）水平,采用流式细胞术检测各组细胞中活性氧（reactive oxygen species,ROS）水平,采用ELISA测定各组细胞内丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）和谷胱甘肽（L-glutathione,GSH）水平以及超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）活性。结果 0.125～50 μmol/L JuA对C6细胞存活率无明显影响（P＞0.05）;1 μg/mL LPS可以明显升高C6细胞GFAP蛋白表达水平,显著升高细胞上清液中NO和细胞内ROS、MDA水平,降低细胞内GSH水平和SOD活性,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。与LPS组比较,12.5、25、50 μmol/L JuA可以明显抑制LPS诱导的GFAP表达,降低细胞上清液中NO水平,降低细胞内ROS、MDA水平,升高细胞内GSH水平和SOD活性,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 JuA对LPS诱导的星形胶质细胞氧化损伤具有一定的保护作用。     

黄秋葵总黄酮对氧化应激损伤人脐静脉内皮细胞的保护作用及其机制研究

目的 观察黄秋葵总黄酮对过氧化氢诱导的人脐静脉内皮细胞（human umbilical vein endothelial cells,HUVECs）氧化应激损伤的影响。方法 采用MTT法检测黄秋葵总黄酮对HUVECs的保护作用,采用分光光度法测定细胞培养上清液中细胞内超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）、丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）及一氧化氮（nitric oxide,NO）含量,酶联免疫吸附试验检测细胞上清液中内皮素-1（endothelin-1,ET-1）含量,采用二氯荧光乙酰乙酸盐法检测活性氧（reactive oxygen species,ROS）水平;Western blot方法检测内皮型一氧化氮合酶（endothelial nitric oxide synthase,eNOS）的表达水平。结果 黄秋葵总黄酮可以提高氧化应激损伤的HUVECs存活率,增加SOD活性,升高NO水平,降低MDA、ET-1水平,降低细胞ROS水平,升高eNOS的表达水平。结论 黄秋葵总黄酮对过氧化氢诱导的HUVECs氧化应激损伤有保护作用,其作用机制可能与调节SOD、MDA、ET-1、NO氧化应激相关因子,调控内皮细胞功能相关蛋白eNOS的表达有关。