电针对慢性不可预见性温和应激致抑郁小鼠海马氧化应激-calpain-炎症信号轴的影响

目的 基于海马氧化应激-calpain-炎症信号轴探讨电针对小鼠抑郁样行为的干预作用及机制。方法 采用慢性不可预见性温和应激方法复制小鼠抑郁模型,将24只小鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、电针组和维生素C（vitamin C,VC）组,每组6只;正常组、模型组、电针组小鼠给予0.5 mL生理盐水灌胃3周,VC组小鼠给予10 mg/kg VC注射液灌胃3周,电针组小鼠电针“百会-神门-三阴交”组穴,每日1次,每次20 min,连续干预3周,正常组、模型组和VC组小鼠不予电针干预。另有24只小鼠给予腹腔注射脂多糖复制急性抑郁模型,将24只小鼠分为正常组、模型组、钙蛋白酶抑制剂（calpeptin inhibitor,CI）组和N-乙酰半胱氨酸（N-acetylcysteine,NAC）组,每组6只;NAC组小鼠经脑定位注射3 μL NAC到侧脑室,CI组小鼠按2 mg/kg经腹腔注射CI。观察并记录小鼠体质量变化;采用蔗糖水偏好实验、旷场实验、强迫游泳实验、悬尾实验评价电针对小鼠抑郁样行为的干预效果;ELISA法检测小鼠海马组织超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）活性,丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）、肿瘤坏死因子α（tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α）、白细胞介素（interleukin,IL）-1β、5-羟色胺（5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT）水平及血清皮质酮（corticosterone,CORT）水平;Western blot法检测小鼠海马组织calpain-1、超视交叉核生物钟振荡蛋白（suprachiamatic nucleus circadian oscillatory protein,SCOP）和IL-1β表达水平。结果 模型组小鼠表现出典型的抑郁样行为,小鼠体质量、糖水偏好指数显著下降（P＜0.05）,强迫游泳实验和悬尾实验中小鼠静止不动时间显著增加（P＜0.05）,海马组织5-HT水平显著降低（P＜0.05）,血清CORT水平显著升高（P＜0.05）;模型组小鼠海马组织SOD活性显著下降（P＜0.05）,MDA水平显著上升（P＜0.05）,calpain-1、TNF-α、IL-1β水平显著升高（P＜0.05）,SCOP水平显著下降（P＜0.05）。而经电针干预后,小鼠抑郁样行为得到显著改善（P＜0.05）;且电针干预能显著改善慢性不可预见性温和刺激诱导的小鼠海马组织的氧化损伤,下调calpain-1及炎症因子的水平（P＜0.05）,并能抑制慢性不可预见性温和刺激诱导的小鼠海马组织SCOP表达水平的降低（P＜0.05）。结论 电针“百会-神门-三阴交”组穴能改善慢性不可预见性温和应激诱导的小鼠抑郁样行为,其作用机制可能与调控小鼠海马氧化应激-calpain-炎症信号轴有关。     

基于Nrf2通路研究通腑养髓方调控Wilson病模型TX小鼠神经细胞铁死亡的机制

目的 基于核因子E2相关因子2(nuclear factor erythroid 2- related factor,Nrf2)信号通路观察通腑养髓方对Wilson病(Wilsons disease, WD)模型TX小鼠神经细胞铁死亡的干预效应,并探讨通腑养髓方对WD神经细胞损伤的保护机制。方法 以DL小鼠为正常对照,将TX小鼠随机分为模型组和通腑养髓方组,通腑养髓方组以通腑养髓方中药灌胃治疗30 d,模型组和对照组小鼠以生理盐水灌胃,末次灌胃后取各组小鼠脑组织。采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法检测小鼠脑组织铜、铁微量元素含量,免疫荧光染色技术检测小鼠脑组织转铁蛋白受体（transferrin receptor, TfR）表达水平,比色法检测小鼠脑组织超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase, SOD）活性和丙二醛（malondialdehyde, MDA）含量,透射电子显微镜观察小鼠脑组织细胞线粒体形态变化,Fluoro-Jade B（FJB）染色观察小鼠神经细胞损伤程度,Western blot法检测小鼠脑组织铁死亡及Nrf2信号通路相关蛋白［Nrf2,铁蛋白重链（ferritin heavy chain,FTH1）、血红素加氧酶1（heme oxygenase 1,HO1）、醌氧化还原酶1（NADPH quinone oxidoreductase 1,NQO1）］表达水平。结果 与正常对照组比较,模型组小鼠脑内铜、铁含量,TfR表达水平,MDA含量显著升高（P<0.05）,SOD活性显著下降（P＜0.05）;与模型组比较,通腑养髓方组小鼠脑内铁含量,TfR表达水平,MDA含量显著降低（P＜0.05）,SOD活性显著升高（P＜0.05）。模型组小鼠脑组织线粒体膜皱缩,嵴数量减少或消失,空泡产生;通腑养髓方组小鼠脑组织线粒体结构损伤程度明显减轻。与正常对照组比较,模型组小鼠神经细胞损伤程度显著增加（P<0.05）;与模型组比较,通腑养髓方组神经细胞损伤程度显著减少（P<0.05）。模型组小鼠脑内谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4（glutathione peroxidase 4,GPX4）表达水平较正常对照组显著降低（P< 0.05）,通腑养髓方组脑内GPX4表达水平较模型组显著升高（P<0.05）。模型组小鼠脑内Nrf2、FTH1、HO1、NQO1表达水平较正常对照组显著降低（P<0.05）,通腑养髓方组脑内Nrf2、FTH1、HO1、NQO1表达水平较模型组显著增加（P<0.05）。结论 通腑养髓方通过上调TX小鼠神经细胞GPX4等铁死亡相关蛋白及Nrf2、FTH1、HO1、NQO1等Nrf2通路相关蛋白的表达水平,减轻铜蓄积所致的氧化应激,抑制神经细胞铁死亡,从而起到保护神经细胞的作用。     

养血益睛汤治疗早期干性年龄相关性黄斑变性疗效观察

目的 探讨养血益睛汤治疗早期干性年龄相关性黄斑变性的疗效.方法 将50例患者按照随机数字表法随机分为观察组与对照组,每组25例,观察组予以口服养血益睛汤治疗,对照组予口服维生素E软胶囊及维生素C片治疗,两组均治疗4周.观察两组患者治疗前后最佳矫正视力(best corrected visual acuity,BCVA)、糖尿病视网膜病变早期治疗研究(early treatment diabetic retinopathy study,ETDRS)字母数及治疗后眼部症状改善评分.结果 观察组的临床疗效明显优于对照组(P<0.05).与治疗前比较,两组患者治疗后BCVA、ETDRS字母数均显著升高(P<0.05);观察组患者眼部症状改善评分及BCVA、ETDRS字母数升高程度显著大于对照组(P<0.05).结论 养血益睛汤对早期干性年龄相关性黄斑变性有较好疗效,可减轻黄斑区病变程度,提升患者视力,改善患者视觉质量.     

Behind the ‘Miracle’: Non‐Traditional Agro‐Exports and Water Stress in Marginalised Areas of Ica,Peru

Expansion in the non‐traditional agricultural export sector following neoliberal reform has precipitated an economic transformation in Peru. Non‐traditional agricultural export growth has brought environmental, social and distributive costs. This article critically examines the Peruvian asparagus boom and the impact of this on water availability among marginal groups. Based on primary case study fieldwork, the paper asserts that the agro‐export model is causing the over‐exploitation of important groundwater supplies in the Ica Valley where almost all of Peru's fresh asparagus is produced. This reveals wider issues concerning neoliberal development and the political economy of natural resource allocation in Latin America.     

Role Stress: A Career Stage Comparison

Based on the premise that the individual's perception of the work roles differs across career stages, several studies have shown that role stress also differs. The main purpose of this study is to investigate if moderating variables like motivation, locus of control, and self-efficacy would also impact stress-outcome relationships differently across career stages. Multiple moderator regression analysis was used to analyze the data collected from respondents belonging to the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), Tamil Nadu Cadre. The findings of the study indicated a significant difference in the moderating role of the personality variables across career stages. The main implication is that organizations may have to design specific stress intervention programs based on the nature of role stressors experienced in each of the career stages. An effort to strengthen personality variables that act as positive moderators must also be made an integral part of the stress intervention programs.     

A Contemporary Snapshot of Policewomen Attitudes

Historically, women have been unwelcome in male-dominated police cultures; despite the gains acquired over many tumultuous years, policewomen continue to face significant obstacles. Men officers often promote the subordination of policewomen, and, because of this, some degree of emotional deterioration among women officers would be understandable. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of such a hypothesis. Questionnaires were mailed to all municipal police departments in one southern state with 50 or more sworn personnel (n = 21) and produced 1,114 responses from 16 departments. Analysis revealed that women officers' (n = 89) professionalism, job satisfaction, stress, and confidence levels demonstrate a condition of psychological health and do not differ significantly from those of men officers. Essentially, the findings suggest that policewomen are mentally tough and resilient, and hence quite capable of modulating the demands of police careers.     

有限元法在分析制动盘损坏原因中的应用

目的介绍有限元法在一起制动盘损坏原因鉴定中的实际应用,为同类型鉴定提供一种方法。方法在有限元软件中,对事故车辆损坏的制动盘进行建模。并依照实际情况设定两种边界条件,分别仿真计算出应力分布图。将应力分布图与制动盘的破损部位进行对比分析,以便确定制动盘的损坏原因。结果仿真计算得到两种不同的应力分布情况,其中一种与制动盘在事故中损坏的状况基本一致。由此确定,制动盘是在车体侧向碰撞固定物时损坏的。结论有限元法对交通事故鉴定是一种行之有效的方法,并且具有良好的应用前景。     

Necropsy Findings in Dogs that Died During Grooming or other Pet Service Procedures

Procedures involved in grooming, bathing, and other pet services can often lead animals to death. Of the necropsies of 1391 animals carried out at a private diagnostic laboratory in Sao Paulo, Brazil from 2004 to 2009, 94 were dogs that died during the above‐mentioned procedures. Young male dogs and small breeds like Poodle Miniature, Yorkshire Terrier, and Lhasa Apso were most frequently observed. Blunt‐force trauma was responsible for the deaths of 31% of the animals, with a higher incidence of trauma to the head, characterized chiefly by fractures and nervous tissue lesions. In the other 69% of cases, the animals showed signs of stress, and died due to pulmonary edema and hemorrhage. As we cannot rule out the intentional character in some situations, this article provides veterinary forensic support for veterinarians and pet owners, especially in lawsuits, helping in finding the cause of animal's death in such pet services.     

Symposium Introduction: Local Responses to ‘Austerity’

This introduction to the symposium sets out the context for local government in the United Kingdom at the current time. It outlines the scale of the reductions in funding since 2010, showing how uneven these cuts have been across the country and the reasons for this. It also describes the increased exposure to risk of both local government and of the citizens and communities it serves. The central question for the papers which follow is how local government is responding to these twin challenges. The papers provide insights from a number of detailed studies of individual authorities, exploring the strategies adopted to manage in response. The analyses focus on the distributive consequences for individuals and communities, but they also reflect on the wider consequences for local government itself. A particular concern is whether local responses are changing as austerity moves from its initial to its later phase.     

强制公民行为与工作家庭平衡之间的关系: 主动性人格的调节作用

迄今为止,大部分关于公民行为的研究关注于组织公民行为及其对组织绩效的贡献.与传统的组织公民行为相反,组织中也存在非自愿的角色外行为,即受到工作场所中的外在压力而被迫做出的强制公民行为.尽管学者针对它展开了不少理论性探讨,相关实证研究却相对缺乏,而关于它和工作家庭平衡之间关系的研究尚无.本研究以北京两家高科技企业知识型员工为调查对象,回收有效问卷198份.通过采用Bootstrapping统计方法,结合路径分析的思路来对假设进行检验,研究结果表明：强制性公民行为负向预测工作家庭平衡;工作压力在强制公民行为和工作家庭平衡之间起到中介作用;主动性人格调节了中介及直接作用.该发现不仅有利于更全面、合理地看待员工的强制公民行为,而且对管理者的管理实践措施提供了有价值的参考.组织可以通过有效抑制强制公民行为的负面作用,提高组织的效能.