论人民警察行使武力行为的条件

公安机关的人民警察和审判机关、检察机关、安全机关、司法行政机关的有关人员,以及人民武装警察部队在遭遇危险情况时,可以行使枪支警械等武力行为,由此给违法犯罪人造成相应损害的应当排除其犯罪性,这种武力行为在起因条件上主要包括职务上的防卫、制止违法犯罪活动、执行抓捕三种情况,同时还要符合主观条件、限度条件和程序条件。     

基于未确知数理论的教学质量评价方法

文章基于教学评价信息不确定性的特点,提出了教学质量评价的未确知数学模型,该模型不仅能得到以区间形式表示的评价结果,也能获得各可能值区间对应的主观可信度,这为教学质量以及其他问题的评价提供了较为合理的方法。实例分析表明,未确知数理论应用于教学质量评价上,在理论上是可行的,评价结果也令人满意。     

关于主观证明责任的界定与基本范畴研究

在诉讼上,当事人的主观证明责任与当事人的主张责任息息相关,因此,主观证明责任的履行,主要是针对当事人在提出事实主张之后为获得对其有利的裁判结果所无法回避的现象。相较而言,无论诉讼终结时案件事实出现何种状态,法院均不得拒绝裁判,因此,客观证明责任的产生,主要是针对法院在作出裁判的结果上所无法回避的现象。可见,主观证明责任与客观证明责任居于不同的范畴,发挥着不同的价值功能,二者之间既不可相互替代,又不可混淆。     

论暴力取证罪罪名的确定及构成特征

暴力取证罪是指司法工作人员使用暴力逼取证人证言的行为。是97刑法典中的新增罪名,其罪名的确定是恰当的,此罪在客体、客观方面,主体、主观方面的特征均有争议,须予以澄清。     

基本权利的双重性质

在德国的宪法理论中,基本权利被认为具有“主观权利”与“客观法”的双重性质。除了作为个人权利的性质外,基本权利被认为是德国基本法所确立的“客观价值秩序”,是对国家权力产生直接约束力的法律。这一理论构成了对基本权利的宪法解释的基本框架,在此基础上,德国建构了一套严密的基本权利保障体系。这一理论对中国宪法的基本权利问题具有借鉴意义。     

罗马法中主观诚信的产生、扩张及意义

罗马法中本无主观诚信的概念,由于社会的进步,它于公元前150年在《阿梯钮斯法》中出现。主观诚信概念一旦产生,就开始了其扩张。首先扩张到了公元前67年诞生的普布利奇安诉讼中。然后在一个不能确证的时间,它扩张到了添附法。129年扩张到了继承法。在161-169年之间扩张到了家庭法。在这一过程中,主观诚信的含义摇摆于"不知"与"确信"之间,两者都是人们"走眼"、"失手"的表现。罗马法不"修理"而是救济这样的失败者,是因为他们都无害人之心,而且他们都是弱者。随着主观诚信的扩张,罗马法对它的优待措施日益丰富。     

Searching for Equilibrium: The Tenuous Nature of the Outcome Test

Based on Engel's critique of the outcome test and Persico and Todd's response, the underlying assumptions critical to the outcome test are summarized and discussed. It is argued that many of these assumptions are not met when applied to police search data. The key underlying assumption—the principle of equilibrium—is examined in detail, and several additional concerns are raised. Thereafter, the proper interpretations of outcome test analyses are reiterated, and discussion regarding the types of racial bias demonstrated by these analyses is further explored.     

Effectiveness of modified therapeutic community treatment within a medium-secure service for personality-disordered offenders

There is debate as to whether secure hospital treatment for offenders with personality disorder can be effective relative to criminal justice interventions. This study examines the evidence for long-term treatment of such offenders in hospital within in a modified therapeutic community model including accredited offending behaviour programmes. A panel sample of 47 patients were followed up on measures of violence risk (HCR-20, VRS) and symptom severity (SCL90-R). Intention-to-treat analysis with reliability thresholds showed significant positive change between assessment and discharge in both violence risk (VRS) and symptoms (SCL90-R) indicating a positive treatment effect. Threshold effects for treatment effectiveness seemed to occur at 1?year of treatment for risk and 3?years for symptom reduction.     

行政行为在德国行政诉讼中的功能变迁

行政行为概念功能的变迁,同行政诉讼制度的功能定位有着密切联系。行政行为是为划定公权力边界而创造的概念,当权利保护进入无漏洞救济的时代,行政行为无力承担这一功能,从而不得不让位于主观公权利。如果对行政行为做过于宽泛的界定,可能会导致其本来肩负的程序法上的定型化功能和诉讼法上的类型化功能的衰竭甚至丧失。如果我国行政诉讼也要确立无漏洞权利保护机制,可能需要考虑加强对“合法权益”等概念的研究,以适应权利保护的完整逻辑体系。     

A Call for Help?: How Public School Principals’ Subjective Report of Institutional Weakness Relates to Disciplinary Incidents

ABSTRACT

Disciplinary incidents at U.S. public middle- and high-schools are a public policy concern. Although businesses popularly give credence to leaders’ subjective intelligence, principals’ reports of their schools’ strengths and weaknesses are questioned. To determine whether principals’ reports carry legitimacy as indicators of student offenses, the current study utilized a nationally representative survey of principals who reported on their sense of the institution and the number of disciplinary incidents in the past year (N = 1,872; replication cohort, N = 1,833). Findings showed that the more institutional shortcomings a principal endorsed, the higher total number of incidents occurred, even after controlling for institutional strength and several indicators of school crime. These findings have policy and intervention implications for improving student outcomes, and so would be of interest to funding agencies, school administrators, teachers, and parents.