犯罪地理学：理论与实证研究

犯罪地理学是一个交叉学科,国外学术界对犯罪地理研究比较深入,在理论和实践上都有许多成果。国外犯罪地理研究领域中的三个方面,即犯罪地理理论研究、犯罪空间分布研究及犯罪和空间环境的关系研究,对我国在该领域的研究工作提供了有益的借鉴。     

Knowledge generation,political action and African development: A polycentric approach

ABSTRACT

Knowledge generated to meet societal needs is the bedrock of development. Africa's development crisis is marked by the persistent gap between the application of intellectual rigours and political action. Despite abundant development potential (human and natural resources, and scientific knowledge), coupled with reform declarations and commitments by African leaders over the past four decades, development remains illusory. This article examines the relationship between key development players (African public officials and African scholars), and how generated knowledge is applied to respond to the needs of African citizens. Using the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework (otherwise known as new institutionalism) this article examines weaknesses in the interaction of knowledge, political action and development, while at a local level African citizens, through shared strategies and problem-solving interdependency, are effectively transforming indigenous knowledge inherited from their parents to confront daily challenges. The article suggests ways of bridging the gap between development players by proposing an African Development Institutional Mechanism (ADIM) aimed at enabling key development players to operate in synergy.     

Property as Governance: Time,Space and Belonging in Australia's Northern Territory Intervention

This article analyses two cases brought by aboriginal Australians against the Australian government acquisition of long leases of their land under the Northern Territory National Emergency Response Act 2007. These leases are conspicuous, particularly in that the government always made it clear that it would not take up its right to exclusive possession of the leased land, and has not done so. The leases have not been used to evict residents, as some feared; nor to pursue mining or agricultural activity. Socio‐legal theories centered on the right to exclusive possession cannot account for these leases. The article explores the use of property under the 2007 Act, the legal geographies of the areas subject to the leases and the political potency of property beyond exclusive possession, and suggests an understanding of property as a spatially contingent relation of belonging. Specifically, the article argues that property is productive of temporal and spatial order and so can function as a tool of governance.     

缅甸"金三角"的人文地理与毒品贸易

60年代至70年代,罗星汉和罗星民两兄弟是"金三角"最大的毒枭.80年代冒出了一个臭名远扬的坤沙,取代罗星汉,成为"金三角"的头号大毒枭.90年代正当坤沙的势力日渐式微的时候,又冒出了更多年富力强、神通广大的新毒枭.新的海洛因王国还伴随着前几年缅甸国内发生的两起重大政治事件而兴旺发达起来.自1989年缅共发生内讧导致该地区的内战结束后,原缅共的指挥官和干部获准在缅甸北部地区自由行动.这种自由行动同政府允许他们自由操业的政策结合在一起,使该地区发生了一个明显的变化,那就是毒品加工从比较简单的生鸦片生产工序发展到建立先进的海洛因提炼厂.     

网络技术与伦理道德

随着网络技术的发展,由网络构成的一种全新的人类社会组织和生存模式——"虚拟社会"悄然出现。但由此出现的伦理道德问题也使得网络伦理的建构益显迫切与重要。促进网络健康有序发展,建立网络伦理型社会,是值得研究的课题。     

中俄科技合作中知识产权归属问题

科技合作中的知识产权归属是指合作成果及其产生的知识产权权益在合作方之间的分配。由于中俄两国知识产权归属制度的差异,中俄科技合作双方如果在合作协议中对此规定不明确,往往会产生知识产权归属争议。我国十分重视国际科技合作中的知识产权归属问题,一方面通过与俄罗斯谈判签订科技合作协定,提出处理两国科技合作中知识产权归属问题的基本原则与方法,同时制定相关法律、法规及示范法指导国际科技合作活动,从而形成了我国解决国际科技合作中知识产权归属问题的制度框架。     

Data envelopment analysis to investigate the Italian legal system and its reform

This work investigates the Italian judicial system and discusses the designing of a policy reform to boost the efficiency of courts, considering the human resources available as well as the expenditure generated by the process to deliver justice. The authors present the benchmarks and shed light on how policy makers embarking on such a process of reform may be misled by inappropriate model definition. In detail, the authors propose a comparative analysis of technical efficiency (TE) scores computed using data envelopment analysis, adopting the same output (number of settled cases) and two alternative sets of inputs (judicial expenditure and human resources). According to the results, without considering the information extracted from the two complementary benchmark analyses, policy makers might be misled in the reform process. Regarding the elements that affect the performance of courts, it may be possible to improve the efficiency of judicial districts by working on judicial procedures. Hence, these are the domains where interventions by policy makers may prove successful. As for policy implications, the models and benchmarks presented here could be used to devise a reform of the judicial system aimed at enhancing its TE, while also keeping public expenditure under control.     

Great Plains harvest: evolution of the US public employment service,transnational labor,and nonimmigrant visas

Government H-2A visa data and employer surveys show that Great Plains custom harvesting operations now rely on the US public employment service (PES) and private labor agencies to hire transnational labor. Wheat harvest labor problems and private labor bureau abuses during the Progressive Era were a driving force in the formation and development of the local, state, and federal PES agencies that are now used to secure foreign workers. The PES addressed harvest labor problems from the late nineteenth century until the 1930s when mechanization and drought sufficiently reduced labor demand. The PES became active in the wheat harvest again during WW II and into the 1950s until mobile custom combining crews eliminated the need for the federal government’s involvement. Beginning in the 1990s, domestic labor scarcity caused custom harvesting employers to hire foreign labor through the H-2A and J-1 visa programs. The PES is part and parcel of the H-2A visa program, but unlike most agricultural employers that use H-2A labor, foreign workers in custom harvesting are from South Africa, New Zealand, Australia, and numerous European and other countries rather than Latin America. Transnational custom harvesting employees that use H-2A visas occupy a niche within the program and thereby maintain Great Plains harvesting’s unique place in the labor market. This article traces the concurrent evolution of Great Plains harvesting and the PES from the end of the nineteenth century to the 1950s and examines the role of the PES and private labor agencies in today’s global labor market.     

中国民族史研究散论

中国各民族的发展史与中国作为统一的多民族国家的发展史紧密相关 ,作为中华民族主体的汉族一经形成 ,在其漫长的历史中一直发挥着主体民族的凝聚作用 ,具有三个特点 :融合性、扩展性和南北差异性。中国民族文化的研究不应忽略对汉族历史文化的研究。中华民族居住的地理环境的差异所导致的中国北方游牧经济类型和南方农耕类型的差异和相互影响 ,决定了中国民族发展中的融合特点、关系特点等。     

论气象预报不具有知识产权属性——气象部门利益膨胀有损公众利益

随着社会经济的发展,气象预报的市场价值越来越突出.中国气象局《气象预报发布与刊播管理办法》规定,气象预报属于气象科技成果,制作和发布单位对其享有所有权,并受有关法律、法规保护.但是,目前我国法律对于气象预报是否具有知识产权的法律属性并没有任何规定,气象预报的权利归属问题一直存在争议.在分析气象预报的性质的基础上,认为气象预报是一种公共信息,应当及时、广泛、深入、无偿地传播给大众.气象预报不属于包括气象部门在内的任何部门或个人私有,不具有知识产权和其他私权属性.为了保证气象预报的准确和安全,国家赋予了气象部门垄断发布气象预报的权利,但是没有赋予其垄断传播气象预报的权利.在气象预报的传播环节,无需气象部门的许可或者同意,任何客观且适当的传播行为均不构成对于气象部门的侵权,不应当受到气象部门的限制,特别是不应受到气象行政处罚.尽管《气象法》规定的有关媒体在传播过程中获取的收益应当提取一部分支持气象事业的发展,但气象预报付费与其是否具有知识产权的属性属于两个独立的截然不同的法律关系.主张气象预报的私权利是气象部门利益膨胀的体现.