Labor History—Past,Present, and Future

ABSTRACT

While much recent literature has focused on the environmental cost of carbon fuels, these sources of energy generated large human costs in the work environment as well. Work in coal mines was famously dangerous. And while petroleum, gas extraction and refining were also risky, this paper demonstrates that they were far less dangerous than was coal, while energy productivity per worker was also higher in oil than coal. Relying in part on previously unexploited data, the paper also shows that on the eve of World War II, the human costs of energy – measured by fatalities per btu of output – were sharply less in oil and gas production than in coal mining. Thus the great twentieth century energy transition from coal to liquid and gaseous fuels reduced both the environmental and the workplace costs per unit of energy.     

四川科技创新的现状、问题及其对策研究

科技创新是四川省经济社会又好又快发展的前提和保证。目前,四川科技资源较为充足,但科技创新能力较弱、科技资源配置机制欠佳、金融支持体制不完善等问题还很突出,必须通过加快科技体制改革、构建科技创新网络、落实激励优惠政策等措施,才能进一步提高四川省的科技创新能力。     

Science and Technology for Economic Growth. New Insights from when the Data Contradicts Desktop Models1

Science and technology policy initiatives in the early 1980s have focused in both the United States and Western Europe on improving capacity to apply a good science base in practice, expecting increases in technological advancement, improved market presence and enhanced economic growth. Results varied broadly in the United States and Europe. Even more puzzling, Japan charged ahead in technological advancement without that strong of a science base of its own. Some industrialized economies do not conform to the expected science–technology relationship, whereby strong performance in science shall lead to strong technological performance. The puzzling science–technology relationship in advanced countries has plausible explanations. (1) Science–technology relationship is much interdependent or symbiotic. Its strength and primary direction at a given time varies largely by field of science or technological innovation and across long periods of time. (2) Science–technology link in a country may depend on the overall scientific and technological level of development in that country. The strength and interdependent nature of this link evolves historically and varies across fields of science and technology. The strength of the link is affected by scientific and technological specialization in a country. Different technological fields have different scientific intensities, or degrees of building upon the science base. (3) Specialization of countries across scientific and technological fields varies. Hence, the strength of science–technology link differs between countries. High technological specialization of a country may impact its technological performance more than its immediately current scientific performance does. History, tradition and knowledge transfers may affect more returns on R&D expenditures than the actual value of R&D funds spent in science or technology. Explanations of puzzling behavior of science–technology link may become policy recommendations.     

"连根拔起"与"返回根本"——读邓正来先生《中国法学向何处去》

邓正来《中国法学向何处去》对于中国法学"连根拔起"式的批判的目的,是为了"返回根本",包括返回生活之根本、返回中国之根本、返回知识之根本.     

支配、正当性与法律理想图景——读《中国法学向何处去》

支配与正当性之间的关系构成了《中国法学向何处去》一书讨论的主要脉络,从语义分析的视角看,在现代化范式与其批判之间,存在着二种不同的对中国法学研究进路的理解.对现代化范式批判的再反思,对中国法律理论图景的再认识,是推进这一讨论的最好方式.     

现代性观念与现代法治——一个诊断分析

本文分析了现代性观念、现代法治以及两者在当下中国语境中的相互关系。本文认为 ,现代性观念是存在问题的 ,它遮蔽了社会历史变化的相当重要的复杂性、多样性 ,容易使人们对社会的建设方案出现片面的、直线的、纯粹的理解 ,容易使人们对社会建设方案的“他者”要素视而不见。尽管“现代法治”作为观念在当下中国是极具积极意义的 ,而且 ,对法治现代化的总体建设方案大加批评也是徒劳无益的 ,但是 ,在“现代性观念”操纵下的“现代法治”观念 ,依然需要我们对之作出某些“诊断式”的分析说明。“现代性观念”和“现代法治”之间存在着一定的“合谋”关系 ,对此应该保持必要的警惕。对“现代性观念”和“现代法治”进行诊断式的分析 ,并不是反对现代化和现代法治在中国当下语境中的推进 ,在某种意义上 ,这种分析是为了更好地促进现代化和现代法治在中国有益健康的展开。     

关于研究开发费税前扣除税收优惠政策的解读

研究开发费税前扣除税收优惠政策,在促进民族自主创新能力形成的过程中发挥着重要的激励作用。企业应从提高对政策的重视程度、建立健全研究开发投入管理体系、规范会计核算体系和加强技术部门与财务部门的沟通四个方面入手,很好地落实此税收优惠政策。     

论我国技术创新法制的“社会本位”重构

技术创新法制主要涉及专利法和相关竞争法。在我国的专利法即将修改、反垄断法已经实施的新形势下,我国现有的技术创新法制将面临总体上的重构,鉴于该重构异常复杂,我们有必要从法理学的视角进行较深入的思考。从我国的基本国情出发,借鉴国外的成功经验,并考察相关的哲学和经济学根据,我们认为:我国技术创新法制的重构应坚持"社会本位"的立场,以维护与技术创新有关的社会性创新、社会性竞争以及消费者福利等社会利益为根本任务。而该定位要求:专利法应通过修订回归于社会本位,也就是要确立"准弱化"的专利法;相关竞争法应强化其原有的社会本位,也就是要确立"最强化"的相关竞争法;二者皆以增进消费者的经济福利为最终诉求。     

现代性与中国现代监狱制度构建论

以市场经济为制度维度的中国现代监狱制度构建,是现代性的反思与重新架构.它必须在一定的内源和外源动力和动力机制下,以继承和移植为途径,以演化为模式.同样,现代性并不排斥中国特色.中国现代监狱制度将是表征和彰显现代文明、法治、公正和权利的监狱制度.     

中国古代保辜制度初探

本文通过对中国古代保辜制度进行考察 ,分析了保辜制度的含义 ,并对保辜制度的具体内容予以归纳。