公共政策执行中自由裁量权的有效控制

在公共政策执行过程中 ,由于公共政策的普遍性与具体执行环境的特殊性之间的矛盾 ,使得执行机关必须行使自由裁量权 ,根据具体执行环境作出适当的政策调整。自由裁量权的运用是必然的 ,但如果缺乏对自由裁量权有效的制度约束 ,就会导致政策执行的扭曲 ,政策目标无法实现。为保证宏观公共政策目标的实现 ,必须采取有效的措施保证执行中自由裁量权的行使规范化     

独立董事“独立性”与“公正性”辨析

独立董事制度应该是完善公司治理结构的有效手段,但是美国公司财务丑闻所引发的制度危机却对此提出了质疑.文章从独立董事的性质入手,剖析独立董事的制度构建,以期有助于独立董事制度在我国的发展.     

公安文书在公安执法中的重要作用

公安执法中存在的许多问题都与公安文书的制作有关。从贵州省公安厅2001、2002年度全省执法考评调研情况可看出,公安机关在执法中存在与公安文书有关的三个方面的问题——法律手续有关的问题、语言问题、文体不规范问题。所以,应采取积极的措施提高民警的公安文书的制作能力,减少执法工作中的错误,提高办案效率和质量。     

关于建立监狱防逃体系的思考

罪犯脱逃是一种严重的违法犯罪活动。监狱建立有效的防逃体系 ,严防罪犯脱逃 ,是社会稳定、监狱安全、创建现代化文明监狱的需要。建立完善的防逃体系 ,首先应从“人”抓起 ,建立健全各种防逃制度 ,完备监控设施 ,调动全社会参与防逃反逃工作的积极性 ,真正建立起群防群治的有效防逃机制     

Economics of discriminatory sentencing

The legal and social professions have long been concerned with the problem of whether the fact that those incarcerated in prison tend to be drawn from the ranks of the poor unemployed and low social status is indicative of willful discrimination against the underprivileged. In this paper we apply the traditional analytical tools of economics to develop the conditions required for an efficient tradeoff between the probability of conviction and the length of prison sentence for both rich and poor. We show that the generally accepted approach of equal punishment for equal crimes tends to overdeter the rich and underdeter the poor, which results in a gross overrepresentation of the poor in the prison population. In order to eliminate this overrepresentation, the poor must receive a more severe sentence than the rich for an equivalent crime. This appears to contradict normal definitions of equity and we address this issue. We also show that an increase in the total crime budget when used efficiently must always result in longer sentences but can, under appropriate conditions, require a lower probability of apprehension.     

Social Justice and Religion in Prison: The Case of England and Wales

The policy of the Federal Bureau of Prisons in the United States is to show equal respect for all religious faiths, but the Prison Service Chaplaincy of England and Wales employs only Christian chaplains and is effectively controlled by the established Church of England. Recent empirical research shows that prisoners who belong to minority faith communities and new religious movements in England and Wales do not enjoy equality of opportunity to practice their religion. For example, their religious and spiritual needs are met by volunteer Visiting Ministers, who in turn must rely on full-time Christian chaplains to facilitate their access to prisoners, meeting rooms, and religious artifacts. This dependency gives rise to feelings of resentment, unjust discrimination, and marginalization among members of minority faith communities.     

Spectacularizing Crime: Ghostwriting The Law

Beginning with an examination of the process whereby punishment turns its point of application from body to subject, and its scene of application from public to private -- as Foucault outlines in Discipline and Punish -- this paper attempts to complicate Foucaults thesis of a shift from corporeal visibility to invisibility as it appears in his account of the withdrawal of punishment from a public, spectacular domain into the no less public yet private sphere of the prison by attending to the transformations of spectacle itself which accompanied this process of disembodiment. The embodied spectacle of punishment -- the states theatre of cruelty -- gave way to a disembodied discursive explosion of images of crime and punishment, and this process can be traced through the texts of Bentham (Panopticon Letters, Fragment on Ontology) and Dickens (Great Expectations). Foucaults dichotomy between the spectacle of public punishment and the disciplinary, non-spectacular prison overlooks the importance of images of crime and punishment which come to pervade public discourse and imagination as part of the installation of the disciplinary régime. Spectacularizing entails a move from the specific, embodied singularity of spectacle to the condition of a generalized, disembodied, and continual insistence: it is this that constitutes and characterizes the shift from spectacular sovereignty to disciplinary surveillance. This spectacularizing is akin to the spectre: some thing that remains difficult to name: neither soul nor body, and both one and the other (Derrida). The spectre haunting the nineteenth century was the criminal, and that centurys rationalizing of crime and punishment was based upon a fear of the spectral itself.     

行政权力运行与行政程序

从行政权力的运行特征、运行的态势看,必须有行政程序作为行政权力运行的安全装置。发挥行政程序的规范作用以及提高其权威性和约束力的重要途径,就是将其纳入法治轨道。目前,亟待加强我国行政程序立法     

我国的假释制度及其完善

假释是一项重要的行刑制度,假释是指对于被判处有期徒刑、无期徒刑正在狱内服刑的罪犯,除法律另有规定者外,一般需经过法定期限的惩罚和改造,由监狱考核认为确有悔改表现,释放后不致再危害社会的,依照法定程序报经人民法院裁定,附条件地将其提前释放的行刑制度。对于假释和“不得假释”的适用对象,应作适当修改与补充,我国还应建立中间监狱制度。     

论孙中山的“开放主义”思想

孙中山总结了中国古代对外开放的历史经验和近代闭关锁国、被迫开放的历史教训,对近代以来初步形成的对外开放思想进行了概括和总结。孙中山认为,西方各国的兴起都是实行对外开放使然,中国欲求强于世界,必须实行对外开放。孙中山以互助为“开放主义”的理论基础,主张吸收外国的先进技术和经验,坚持维护国家主权等基本原则,是中国实行对外开放思想的先驱。