检察机关提起公益诉讼程序性问题探析

在检察机关提起公益诉讼案件日益增多情况下,我国有关此类诉讼的程序缺失问题也逐步凸显。目前,检察机关提起的公益诉讼在诉讼的类型、检察机关的身份、是否需要程序前置、诉讼费用及后果的分担、实体及程序的处分权以及证明责任等一系列基础性程序问题上需要进一步明确。检察机关提起公益案件涉及到的程序问题是制约该制度发展关键所在,学界对此应当积极回应,我国的程序立法也应及时修改,以适应现实需要。     

公私合作行为的行政法实证分析——以“治安承包”为中心考察

现代行政国家行政任务不断增加,行政机关为完成行政任务,不得不同私人部门合作,公私合作兴起。公私合作行为是弥补公私合作背景下传统行政行为形式的不足而孕育产生一种新型的行政行为,主要体现为行政契约和私法上的契约。通过“治安承包”这种典型的公私合作行为形式的行政法实证分析,以期达到考察公私合作行为的法律形式。     

论法律行为无效后的财产返还

法律行为无效后,如果双方已为给付均有返还可能,则相互返还。但在一方所为给付客观上无法返还时,很难采用既符合逻辑推理、又符合公平观念的一般准则予以处理,只能根据行为无效的不同情况,予以区别对待。相对无效行为被撤销后,应充分考虑撤销权人的利益保护,而我国司法实务对某些已经实际履行的绝对无效行为在价格确定上采用＂无效行为当有效处理＂的原则,有其合理性。此外,应将民事上的财产返还与行政上的处罚分开。赠与行为因违反公序良俗而无效时,应当参照双务合同无效后的处理原则,未履行者不得再请求履行,但已经履行者,赠与人不得请求返还。     

自杀性恐怖犯罪原因及防控措施探析

自杀性恐怖犯罪是为了达成某种目标或恐怖效果而经常采取的一种犯罪行为。是所有恐怖犯罪活动中最难防范的。目前这类犯罪呈现地域分布全球化、犯罪数量呈上升趋势、个案和系列爆炸结合、犯罪主体年轻化、女性犯罪迅速扩大蔓延、高科技倾向更加明显、人弹更加隐秘的新特点。应对策略有:加强情报收集和分析工作、加强打击力度、强化综合治理、缔结统一国际反恐公约,完善国内反恐怖立法、大力发展生产力、反对"双重标准"、增强公众的心理承受力、倡导不同文明间的对话、交流与合作等。     

中性业务行为的意义、标准及立场选择

在现代技术环境下,社会分工协作日趋复杂,为保护个人的信赖利益,基于帮助犯免责事由的中性业务行为应运而生。中性业务行为确定了帮助行为可罚与不可罚的边际,是对传统的帮助犯理论的修正和例外,是法益保护与权利保障平衡的产物。     

The Economic Cost of March 11: Measuring the Direct Economic Cost of the Terrorist Attack on March 11, 2004 in Madrid

This article attempts to measure the direct costs that the terrorist attacks of 3/11 had on the economy of the region of Madrid. The evaluation has been made applying conservative criteria, and the results obtained have to be considered as minimum. The result indicates that the terrorist attacks caused a loss of nearly 212 million euros to the regional economy of Madrid, equivalent to 0.16 percent of the regional GDP (0.03 of the national GDP). This confirms that the immediate economic dimension of a terrorist attack such as the one of 3/11—apart from human catastrophic consequences—is relatively low.     

How reliable are eyewitness memories? Effects of retention interval,violence of act,and gender stereotypes on observers' judgments of their own memory regarding witnessed act and perpetrator

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of (i) stimulus person's gender, (ii) type of act (neutral or violent), and (iii) retention interval (short or long) on observers' memory of a stimulus person. Participants were presented with one of two acts: neutral (walking around in a store) or violent (robbing a store). The retention interval was 10 minutes or one–three weeks. The dependent variables were questionnaire items concerning the participants' memory of (1) the stimulus person's appearance and (2) the event, and (3) rating scales where the participants were asked to evaluate the stimulus person's aggressiveness, insensitivity, and other personality traits as well as characteristics of the act. Results showed that when the act was violent, and a long retention interval was used, a female, but not a male, stimulus person was evaluated less harshly than with a short retention interval (enhancement of gender stereotype); a stimulus person was seen as behaving in a more masculine way when performing a violent rather than a neutral act; witnessing the violent act resulted in better self-rated memory of the stimulus person; and with increasing retention interval, the violent act was seen as less negative and the neutral act as more negative (regression toward the mean).     

论债的科学性与统一性

在我国的债法研究和立法过程中,存在着一种与科学性及统一性对立的趋势,甚至是以法典化的形式体现出来的解法典化趋势.法学既然是一门科学(即使是人文科学)就应当首先注重逻辑判断,然后才是价值判断,不能以主观价值判断替代客观的逻辑论证.同时,应当坚持债的统一性.统一性的前提应该是坚持“物权二分”及其必然的逻辑后果,即物权行为与债权行为的独立性与抽象性.坚持债的客体的统一性,即债的客体是行为而非现在通说的“债的客体可以是物也可以是行为”,否则物权与债权的区分就要发生模糊;坚持用“请求权”统一债法,无论是合同、侵权、无因管理还是不当得利,后果都产生请求权;坚持物权救济措施与债权的救济措施相区分,坚持债权救济措施的统一性.     

Running the Blockade: Information Technology,Terrorism, and the Transformation of Islamic Mass Culture

Arab media is no longer limited to state-sponsored sources, opening a door of opportunity to the Muslim world. Islamic terrorist groups leverage information technology to form resilient, networked organizations that influence how many Muslims perceive events and U.S. political goals. This article looks at the connection between information technology and cultural transformation in the Middle East. It focuses on how information technology—as the major weapon system in the battle of ideas—has been used effectively by Islamic extremists and less so by the U.S. Important conclusions are drawn regarding the necessity of culturally-attuned uses of information technology.     

Alessandro Orsini. Anatomy of the Red Brigades: The Religious Mind-Set of Modern Terrorists

ABSTRACT

Those who study terrorism are familiar with the claim that suicide attacks are the most lethal form of terrorism today. Suicide attacks kill more people on average than non-suicide attacks, thereby justifying why terrorist organizations use this costly method of attack and explaining in part why suicide tactics have proliferated. However, extant empirical support for this claim is largely insufficient, focusing only on macro-level analysis of lethality data. Using data from the Global Terrorism Database, this study examines variation in lethality among suicide and non-suicide attacks based on geographic location, attack type, and target/victim type. It also introduces a new metric—the lethality ratio—to measure costs and benefits of attacks in terms of lives lost. It finds that, although suicide tactics are generally more lethal than non-suicide tactics, they also come at greater costs to the organization. This analysis also finds behavior that is inconsistent with the premise that terrorist groups are focused on maximizing lethality while reducing costs in all cases; that despite certain advantages, suicide attacks may remain a suboptimal tactic from the perspective of the terrorist group; and that additional criteria may help explain why suicide tactics are used.