证据保全制度的功能及其扩大化

基于诉讼数量不断增长和现代型诉讼要求先收集证据、后提出事实主张的客观需要,为实现预防诉讼、促进诉讼、集中化审理和多元化解决纠纷之目标,两大法系各主要国家纷纷对证据保全及类似制度进行了改革,使证据保全制度除保全证据外,又具有了确定事实、开示证据和诉讼外解决纠纷的多种功能。为强化当事人举证责任,保障当事人证据收集权和证明权的实现,我国也必须扩大证据保全制度的机能,一方面增设确定事物状态和经对方当事人同意之证据保全类型,另一方面鼓励当事人在证据保全程序中就与纠纷解决相关的事项达成协议。     

Demirjian法在推断上海汉族青少年生活年龄中的应用

目的研究Demirjian法推断上海汉族青少年生活年龄的适用性。方法收集上海市第九人民医院符合纳入标准的年龄在11～20周岁的汉族青少年口腔曲面全景片501例．其中男性168例．女性333例。按照Demirjian法进行牙龄推断,并对生活年龄与Demirjian法推断的牙龄进行配对t检验：通过单因素数学模型探索两者之间的关系。结果直接应用Demirjian方法推断上海汉族青少年牙龄时．其推断的牙龄与实际生活年龄之间存在差异。通过建立牙龄推断的单因素数学模型。并将其推断的年龄与实际生活年龄进行配对t检验,结果显示男性12～16周岁（不含16周岁）、女性13～14周岁（不含14周岁）和15～17周岁（不合17周岁）年龄段无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,并且有81．04％的样本推断误差小于1岁。结论本研究有望成为推断上海地区汉族青少年生活年龄的有效方法,但不适合17周岁以上青少年人群。     

民事权利限制的时间界限

权利限制是对权利范围和权利行使所作的限制性规定。私法视野下,权利限制是确保权利人正当行使权利的需要。民事权利的时间界限是权利限度的形式之一,民事权利限制的时间界限,表现为宏观和微观两个方面。民事权利的时间界限的合理性和二元性有利于实现个人利益和社会利益的统一。     

事实婚姻的立法冲突及解决

事实婚姻不仅是婚姻法的调整对象,也是刑法认定重婚罪的重要基础。在法律规则和司法解释的具体展开上,刑法和婚姻法基于不同的立场从而有所不同,并最终导致在重婚罪的认定上产生冲突。刑法领域内的事实婚姻有其独特的含义,刑法领域内事实婚姻的推定有效和认定无效不同于婚姻法领域内的事实婚姻有效与无效,具有重婚罪构成要件的作用和意义。尊重多元的情感生活方式,公法和私法的融合与重整,都可以为事实婚姻在刑法和婚姻法上的冲突提供解决方案。     

李大钊早期传播马克思主义的再探讨

五四前后李大钊通过办报办刊、发表论著、组织社团、办学讲课、演讲辩论等方式向中国民众传播了马克思主义。他早年对马克思主义的研究和宣传主要涵盖了四方面内容：揭露了帝国主义的本质,阐述了十月革命的伟大意义;较系统地论述了马克思主义理论的基本内容;正确论述了中国革命的一些基本问题,如革命的步骤、手段、动力等等;号召学生和知识分子走与工农相结合的道路。这些杰出的思想主张形成了他早年的理论特色。当然,李大钊对马克思主义的最初理解也存在着一些不准确之处,这种认识偏差是与当时他所处的环境和背景分不开的。李大钊的可贵之处在于其思想随着社会的进步不断发展,并及时将先进的科学理论运用于中国社会变革的实践。     

行政许可程序的立法欠缺及其完善

行政许可程序是规范行政许可的行为,防止行政许可实施权的滥用,保障公民、组织在行政许可实施中的正当权利的重要环节。尽管行政许可法设计了许多程序规则,但在某些方面还存在问题,诸如处理期限的规定不完善、听证程序不健全、缺乏有效的保障制度等。笔者在对此分析研究的基础上,提出了一些健全和完善我国行政许可程序的设想和建议。     

Age determination of ballpoint pen ink by thermal desorption and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Two main approaches can be used for determining the age of an ink: indirect dating and direct dating. Indirect dating is based on the chemical analysis of an ink followed by comparison with known samples in a reference collection. The collection should contain information about the inks including the market introduction dates. This approach may allow for an anachronism to be detected. The second concept is based on measuring ink components that change with age. The analysis of solvents in ballpoint inks may be a useful parameter for determining the age of ink on paper. In a previous study, the authors demonstrated that thermal desorption of ink directly from paper, followed by chemical analysis using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), is a promising procedure for characterizing ink-binder resins and solvents. Preliminary tests showed that monitoring the evaporation of ink solvent from ink on paper is not a suitable method for ink dating. Thermal analysis of ink on paper in two steps revealed that fresh ink releases a relative amount of solvent at a certain low temperature in a defined period of time, which decreases as the ink ages. As a consequence, this relative amount of solvent released at a certain low temperature, and its decrease with time, can be used to estimate ink age. This age-dependent parameter was studied in 85 different inks ranging in age from 1 week to 1.5 years. It was found that some inks showed a significant decrease of this parameter up to an age of several months, and that the aging process can be monitored within this period. For other inks, however, the age-dependent parameter decreases relatively fast, e.g., within a few days, to a constant level, which can be too fast for casework. Based on these results, a general procedure for assessing the age of ballpoint pen inks on paper was developed.     

活体跟骨数字X线片性别判定

目的应用数字X线摄影方法测量跟骨,评估5项测量指标在法医学性别判定中的价值。方法393例受试对象随机分组,实验组334例(男性148例,女性186例),验证组59例(男性26例,女性33例)。每一受试对象按照规定投照方法摄跟骨侧位DR片,分别测量5项跟骨长度指标。方差分析检验实验组各项指标性别间差异,Fisher判别分析及多元逐步判别分析建立性别判别函数。验证组样本数据回代,前瞻性评估判别效能。结果5项指标性别差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。共建立了6组性别判别函数,性别判断正确率在78.4%～88.9%之间;回代检验,判断正确率在79.7%～86.4%之间。结论跟骨侧位数字X线片5项长度测量指标代入判别函数进行性别判定的方法可为法医学个人识别中的性别判定提供帮助。     

Application of the Iscan method to two- and three-dimensional imaging of the sternal end of the right fourth rib

Age determination is a major field of interest in physical and forensic anthropology. Among the different methods based on macroscopic skeletal study, the Iscan method, which analyzes the sternal end of the right fourth rib, is one of the most reliable. We applied the Iscan method to two- and three-dimensional multislice computed tomography (MSCT) reconstructions of the sternal end of the right fourth rib on 39 ribs. The intra-observer variability on MSCT reconstructions was good (gamma coefficient equal to 0.86; value of the Krippendorff's alpha reliability equal to 0.79); inter-observer variability on MSCT reconstructions was also good (gamma coefficient ranging from 0.82 to 0.88; value of the Krippendorff's alpha reliability ranging from 0.78 to 0.86). We demonstrated excellent agreement between the results of analysis of bone samples and those of the two- and three-dimensional images, in particular regarding bone projections, morphology of the pit and of its rim. The accuracy of age estimation did not significantly differ between the Iscan method applied to dry bones and the same method applied to MSCT images. Determination of the Krippendorff's alpha reliability coefficient for the inter-error method confirmed the agreement between phase estimations obtained with the two methods (ranging from 0.55 to 0.71). The real civil age was comprised in 21 cases out of 36 for assessment performed on dry bones and in 23 cases out of 36 on MSCT reconstructions, which represented 58.3% and 63.9%, respectively. Use of MSCT reconstructions in forensic anthropology offers many advantages: no bone preparation, no damage to bone material, and the possibility of application to living individuals.     

A real-time multiplex SNP melting assay to discriminate individuals

A method that quickly and inexpensively differentiates crime scene samples from multiple donors would expedite casework analysis by allowing the selection of probative items requiring comprehensive testing. This new method need not be perfectly definitive nor give a complete 13 locus short tandem repeat (STR) profile; it simply must be able to differentiate between most victim and suspect samples. We describe the development of multiplex, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays to fulfill this need. Dual probes, one fluorescently labeled and the other labeled with a quencher, are monitored during a melt analysis to reveal an increase in fluorescence, which allows the assessment of the two SNP alleles. Two alternate 6-plex assays (with and without gender determination) have been developed for the six-color RG6000 real-time instrument (Corbett Robotics, Inc.) and one seven SNP plus gender assay (performed as two 4-plex assays, one with gender the other without) have been developed for use in four/five color real-time instruments. This technique can discriminate between 95% and 99% of samples from different individuals. This assay is fast (approximately 2 h), much less expensive than STR analysis, and uses a real-time PCR instrument which is found in most forensic and molecular biology labs.