血管电损伤的实验研究

观察电击后血管病理改变的规律及特点 ,探讨其损伤的发病机制和诊断电击伤 (死 )的价值。采用Wistar大鼠复制血管电击伤模型 ,通过HE、GS、Weigert弹力纤维染色和α actin免疫组化染色 ,观察电击后不同节段血管的病理变化。结果表明 :(1)电击后血管的损伤范围和程度均较其周围大 ;(2 )电击部位的血管常发生全层凝固性坏死 ,血管周围骨骼肌、脂肪细胞广泛坏死 ,大腔隙形成 ;距电击部位越远损伤越轻 ,血管损伤局限于管壁中内层 ,而血管周围组织相对完好 ;(3)光镜下 ,血管内皮细胞不同程度坏死、脱落 ;平滑肌肌浆凝聚 ,呈嗜碱性 (异染 ) ,胞核深染 ,扭曲伸长呈栅栏状排列 ,细胞内外大量汽化空泡形成 ,肌层中弹力纤维减少 ,网状纤维相互融合增粗、断裂 ,呈串珠状改变。TEM下见血管内皮细胞、平滑肌细胞内线粒体、内质网不同程度肿胀与扩张 ,甚至空泡化改变 ,平滑肌肌丝溶解 ,形成低电子密度区 ;汽化空泡边界清楚 ,无膜性结构 ,内无细胞器 ;SEM下见血管壁及腔面粗糙大小不等的腔隙形成 ;(4 ) 2 2 0V组血管的病理改变与 10 0 0V组相同 ,只是损伤程度较前者轻。电击后血管的病理改变是电热效应与电场作用的共同结果 ,血管的病理改变可以作为一种确证电击死的重要依据     

Emission Trading Restrictions with Endogenous Technological Change

In this paper we use a simple climate model for endogenous environmental technical change in order to analyse the effects on equity and efficiency of placing different degrees of restrictions on trade in the market of pollution permits. The model is obtained by incorporating in Nordhaus and Yang (1996)'s RICE model a notion of induced technical change close to the one proposed in Goulder and Mathai (2000). With the help of such a model, we assess the pros and cons of introducing ceilings on emission trading. In particular, we analyse both the cost effectiveness and the distributional effects of placing restrictions of trading emissions. The analysis takes into account the role of environmental technical change that could be enhanced by emission trade limitations. However, this effect is shown to be offset by the increased abatement cost induced by the larger than optimal adoption of domestic policy measures when ceilings are made binding. Hence, our analysis provides little support for quantitative restrictions of emission trading, even when these restrictions actually have a positive impact of technical change. Even in terms of equity, ceilings find no justification within our theoretical and modelling framework. Indeed, we find that flexibility mechanisms in the presence of endogenous technical change increase equity and that the highest equity levels are achieved without ceilings, both in the short and in the long run.     

当事人变更诉讼请求的法理思考

变更诉讼请求是当事人的一项重要诉讼权利。准确界定其范围并加以适当限制,对克服司法实务中因认识不一致而导致的混乱,维护对方当事人的合法权利,以及贯彻诉讼经济的原则有重要意义。文章以诉讼请求的涵义及其变更的范围为切入点,分析了目前立法对诉讼请求的概括性规定所导致的妨碍公正和效益的弊端,并就如何完善提出了自己的设想。     

论世纪之交经济与文化“一体化”发展

在未来时代,“化力”日益成为经济发展和社会进步的内在驱动力。科技创新促进新产品开发的速度,也使得现代产品中的化含量和化附加值越来越高。化和科技投入产出中的贡献率越来越大,人们物质生活水平的提高要求企业的生产和服务更加重视消费的审美要求。国际间贸易往来和营销活动中的化融通越来越重要。这些新的变化,都显示出经济化发展的一体化趋势。     

行政事业性国有资产管理问题思考

作为国有资产的一个重要组成部分,行政事业性国有资产是保障国家机关高效运转和各项社会事业快速发展的重要物质基础。但与强化经营性国有资产管理相比,各级政府对行政事业性国有资产的监管却成为整个国有资产管理中相对薄弱的环节。针对行政事业性国有资产管理中存在的主要问题及其成因,需要从制度变迁的角度加强完善并拿出应对之策。     

Technology spillovers and stability of international climate coalitions

Cooperation in international environmental agreements appears difficult to attain because of strong free-rider incentives. This paper explores how different technology spillover mechanisms among regions can influence the incentives to join and stabilise an international agreement. We use an applied modelling framework (STACO) that enables us to investigate the stability of partial climate coalitions. Several theories on the impact of technology spillovers are evaluated by simulating a range of alternative specifications. We find that spillovers are a good instrument to increase the abatement efforts of coalitions and reduce the associated costs. In our setting, however, they cannot overcome the strong free-rider incentives that are present in larger coalitions, i.e. technology spillovers do not substantially increase the success of international environmental agreements. This conclusion is robust with respect to the specification of technology spillovers.

Beyond the public and private divide: remapping transnational climate governance in the 21st century

This article provides a first step towards a better theoretical and empirical knowledge of the emerging arena of transnational climate governance. The need for such a re-conceptualization emerges from the increasing relevance of non-state and transnational approaches towards climate change mitigation at a time when the intergovernmental negotiation process has to overcome substantial stalemate and the international arena becomes increasingly fragmented. Based on a brief discussion of the increasing trend towards transnationalization and functional segmentation of the global climate governance arena, we argue that a remapping of climate governance is necessary and needs to take into account different spheres of authority beyond the public and international. Hence, we provide a brief analysis of how the public/private divide has been conceptualized in Political Science and International Relations. Subsequently, we analyse the emerging transnational climate governance arena. Analytically, we distinguish between different manifestations of transnational climate governance on a continuum ranging from delegated and shared public–private authority to fully non-state and private responses to the climate problem. We suggest that our remapping exercise presented in this article can be a useful starting point for future research on the role and relevance of transnational approaches to the global climate crisis.

印度低碳经济对策及对中国的启示

气候变化已不仅仅是政治经济问题,同时也关乎人类的发展,《京都议定书》创设了包括碳汇在内各种产品和服务的全新市场,但目前收效甚微,作为发展中国家的印度在全球“清洁发展机制”（CDM）市场发挥着重要的作用。分析印度的碳减排适应性措施,将对中国应对气候变化提供最直接的借鉴素材。     

浅析子产的依法治国之道

春秋时期,礼崩乐坏,社会激荡,天下大乱。郑国执政子产,审时度势,率先提出了:“都鄙有章,上下有服,田有封洫,庐井有伍”的依法度治理国家的政治主张,以求灭灾役、愈创伤、图生存、谋发展,为此,他铸刑彰法,崇德尚罚,改税励贾。这其中既有“罪刑法定”的成份,也有“宽猛相济”的因子,又有“经济法制”的元素。因而它对于我们今天更好地贯彻党和政府“依法治国”方略,实现国内经济法制与国际经贸法规科学对接,不无借鉴与启迪。     

Institutional shifts and punctuated patterns in digital policy

While digital policies provide significant value within contemporary governance, not many governments' digital policies are adapted to rapidly changing technologies and associated expectations. The limited adaptability can be explained by governments' focus on institutional shifts as an instrument to generate policy changes. Therefore, this article examines the impact of institutional shifts on digital policy by leveraging the Punctuated Equilibrium Theory (PET) as a lens to explore the Belgian federal government between 2000 and 2020. This is done through performing a distributional application of the PET and an explaining-outcome congruence case study. The results highlight the role of institutional shifts in directing digital policy, but also underscore the importance of other factors (i.e., policy image, attention allocation and/or structure of the political system) and the presence of policy entrepreneurs to explain the (in)stability of digital policy.