The Average Treatment and Its Cost,Age, and Gender of Patients With Ischemic Heart Diseases

Ensuring efficient treatment of patients in hospital care, with precise management of resources and cost planning. Goals： Dividing the patients with ischemic heart diseases into five groups with the highest cost of treatment, and determining the link among the cost of treatment and the average length of hospital stay, age, and gender of these patients. Materials and methods： Standardized reports of 10,040 patients from three hospitals in Macedonia from 2010 to 2012 were used. The databases were processed in SPSS 17, and the ANOVA and the Chi-square test were applied. Results and discussion： There is a statistically significant difference between the groups which have different cost of treatment and the average length of their treatment （F = 183.63 and p = 0.000） and a statistically significant difference between the five most expensive groups of patients in terms of their gender （Chi-square = 370.262, df = 4, and p = 0.000）. Furthermore, there are statistically significant differences between patients with different cost of treatment in terms of their age （F = 24.25 and p = 0.000）. Conclusion： The ＂most expensive＂ patients have the longest average hospital stay.     

浅析辩诉交易制度

辩诉交易是美国司法实践当中的一种诉讼模式,是指在法院判决前,由检察官和被告人双方进行协商,即检察官向被告人许诺:只要被告人承认有罪,检察官将降格起诉并保证法院也能对被告人判处较低的刑期或较轻的刑种从而结束诉讼。我国对此尚未规定,从其价值角度看这一做法大大缩短了办案时间,又提高了办案效率,我们应有条件地借鉴。     

What is the cost of voting?

Despite a wealth of literature on the determinants of electoral turnout, little is known about the cost of voting. Some studies suggest that facilitating voting slightly increases turnout, but what ultimately matters is people's subjective perceptions of how costly voting is. This paper offers a first comprehensive analysis of the subjective cost of voting and its impact on voter turnout. We use data from an original survey conducted in Canada and data from the Making Electoral Democracy Work project which covers 23 elections among 5 different countries. We distinguish direct and information/decision voting costs. That is, the direct costs that are related to the act of voting and the costs that are related to the efforts to make (an informed) choice. We find that the cost of voting is generally perceived to be very small but that those who find voting more difficult are indeed less prone to vote, controlling for a host of other considerations. That impact, however, is relatively small, and the direct cost matters more than the information/decision cost.     

The problem of regulatory arbitrage: A transaction cost economics perspective

Regulatory arbitrage, or the ability of financial firms to circumvent or neutralize rules, is a classic problem of financial regulation. This article draws on transaction cost economics (TCE) to reformulate this old problem, thus defining regulatory arbitrage as a contracting hazard arising from interactions between the regulator and regulated firms, given bounded rationality and opportunism. Following standard TCE, the article first characterizes the implicit regulatory contract in finance, focusing in particular on the mobile and elastic nature of regulated actors and financial assets as well as the contested utility of financial innovation. It is then argued that this incomplete and hazard-prone regulatory bargain must be matched with a governance structure that both adapts to unforeseen circumstances and avoidance strategies and copes with radical uncertainty about the welfare consequences of financial innovation. To that end, the article discusses how a governance structure here termed “relational regulation” might facilitate such ex post governance under uncertainty.     

中国渐进式经济体制改革及其理论基础

中国之所以选择渐进式改革道路,而没有象苏东国家那样选择激进式改革道路,取决于改革的初始条件──改革前中国的政治经济状况、中国改革执导者的思想意识及中国传统计划经济体制的显著特征。中国渐进式经济体制改革具有两个主要特征──增量改革与试验推广。相对于苏东激进式改革方式而言,中国的渐进式改革方式能在相当程度上减少改革成本（摩擦成本和实施成本）,这就是中国渐进式体制改革得以深入推进并取得成功的根本原因。     

当代中国贪污贿赂犯罪客观原因的经济分析

贪污贿赂犯罪作为经济犯罪的主要组成部分同样是社会矛盾的综合反映。在诸多矛盾的纠合过程中使得当代中国贪污贿赂犯罪的个人成本和收益之间的差距扩大到一个充满诱惑力的程度。提高贪污贿赂犯罪的成本 ,降低其收益是遏制此类犯罪的良策。     

我国城市环保基础设施运营体制市场化改革新探

从我国现行运营体制与机制的 3大时弊 ,切入市场化改革的势在必行。阐述了理顺“价、费”关系是改革现行运营体制的突破口。提出了逐步建立城市环保基础设施市场化运营体制与机制的措施与建议     

环境公益诉讼的原告模式及司法成本分析

迄今为止,我国已累计出现10余例环境公益诉讼案件。这些案例既是能动司法理念对民事诉讼当事人制度的突破,也提供了公益诉讼的若干原告模式。比较不同模式的司法成本,不难发现,以检察机关为主,以政府职能部门和环保组织为辅的联合原告模式,最易于降低司法成本和分散诉讼风险,对我国环境公益诉讼的可持续发展最为有利。     

政府绩效审计改革能降低行政成本吗?

我国的政府行政成本一直居高不下,政府审计部门在传统政府审计基础上加入“绩效”理念,有助于监督政府各项公共管理活动,对行政成本起到一定的控制作用。研究结论表明:政府绩效审计的实施有利于降低地方政府行政成本;经过倾向得分匹配后的样本依然满足政府绩效审计会降低行政成本的假设;进一步分析中引入了财政支出效率进行影响机制分析,发现财政支出效率发挥了部分中介作用;经过DEA分析得到政府行政成本效益,发现多数省份处于低效状态。研究结论对于促进绩效审计有效性和降低政府行政成本具有一定的启示意义。