“交易成本”概念的历史

文章回顾了“交易成本”概念的历史。这个概念从20世纪30年代科斯等人提出开始,经历了60年代含义的扩张,70－80年代运用于经济组织的分析和制度演化的分析,终于成为经济学理论中的一个基本的概念。     

A Tale of Two Cities: Bureaucratisation in Mayor-Council and Council-Manager Municipalities

This paper presents a theory that predicts under what circumstances self-interested politicians ‘bureaucratise’ their administrations, in the sense that they delegate the powers to hire, fire and promote public employees to autonomous bodies (like civil service commissions). The main testable proposition is that, in polities with a higher concentration of powers, politicians will bureaucratise their administrations to overcome time inconsistency problems in their relationships with public employees. This prediction is tested with data drawn from US municipalities, where two main types of local governments co-exist: mayor-council and council-manager. Results show that municipal governments with a higher concentration of powers (i.e. mayor-council) tend to have more bureaucratised administrations.     

论iPad商标案中的“白手套”交易——一个法经济学的视角

iPad案中判断白手套交易是否存在欺诈,关键在于隐瞒买方真实身份是否违背了诚实信用原则。有关诚实信用的教义分析显然没有能力解决这一问题。有效的替代进路是对不同裁判方案的可能后果进行经济分析。白手套做法的正当性在于隐瞒相关信息有助于抑制敲竹杠、降低谈判费用、促成有效率的交易。     

土地流转的中国模式:组织基础与运行机制

土地流转机制是当前中国农村土地制度变革的一个核心问题。农村土地流转的实践对现有理论提出了挑战,体现为私人交易和公共征收之间的第三条道路。三十多年来,地方的土地流转实践中出现了许多重要的制度创新。总结这些地方制度创新,可以揭示出土地流转的中国模式。土地流转的中国模式,以政府和集体的组织协调为基础,体现为对土地供需各方的双重代表和双向协调。各级党委政府和农村集体组织的居中协调,既是当代农村土地流转的组织基础,也是其相对于私易模式和公征模式的比较优势。土地流转的中国模式,为经济增长和社会发展的中国道路奠定了重要基础。     

Economic Competitiveness and Social Policy in Open Economies

While many studies have shown that greater trade openness affects the overall size of social spending, this study emphasizes that it also affects types of social policies that a government prioritizes. When faced with deepening trade competition, governments tend to use different policy measures to address the opportunities and challenges stemming from their economic competitiveness in the international market. Policy makers in countries with high relative labor costs are likely to privilege social insurances and income transfer. This is because as high labor costs make their workers more vulnerable in the trade competition, governments seek to protect skilled labor in order to maintain their economic advantage in advanced industries. In contrast, when relative labor costs are low, human capital investment programs are likely to be emphasized to enhance productivity and the quality of labor to capitalize the cost competitiveness of a country’s workers. The findings from empirical analyzes of 26 OECD economies from 1991 to 2012 support these arguments.     

科斯定理在侵权法制定中的应用

科斯定理认为 ,交易成本的高低对权利规则的制定起着决定性作用。如果交易成本较低 ,权利的原始配置就不会影响太大 ,因为当事人会自行重置 ;但在交易成本较高的情况下 ,一般会保持权利的原始配置状态。科斯定理不仅是经济学原理 ,在侵权法领域也大有作为。     

A farm‐sizewise analysis of irrigation distribution in India

This article analyses and describes the relationship between the size of operational holding on the one hand and various irrigation and irrigation‐related variables, on the hand, using cross‐section regression analysis of farm‐sizewise/statewise Indian data. The overall conclusion that emerges from the analysis is that irrigation development in India as a whole seems to be such that its propagation and diffusion among agricultural households seems to be somewhat in favour of larger farms. Even though the government predominantly controls the development and distribution of flow‐sources of irrigation, especially of canal irrigation, it does not seem to have produced any significant positive impact on reducing the level of inequity involved in the distribution of irrigation across farm‐size groups.     

城镇化进程中的集体建设用地使用权流转法律问题研究

该文采用现象溯因法,综合分析法、文献资料法、法理分析法等研究方法,力图解决工业化、城镇化用地缺口,推进集体建设用地流转向深度和广度发展问题。在此基础上该文提出,实现建设用地流转的市场化、规范化,应当加大农村土地整治力度、扩大流转范围、确立流转过程中农民主体地位、完善流转交易模式和流转利益分配机制。     

美国控制股东信义义务:本原厘定与移植回应

控制股东信义义务"移植论"存在方法论误用的缺陷,过度关注概念和规则的译介,而未深究其制度功能所关联的特定社会背景。信义义务根植于普通法特殊的历史土壤,以信托为"母体"并经归纳推理不断扩张泛化,"控制股东信义义务"是这种泛化现象的缩影,早期"受益人利益最大化"内涵已被"公平交易义务"取代。内涵演变的动因是对公司本质认知的进化以及因之发生的个人法向团体法逻辑的持续递进。我国控制股东滥权现象的主要成因并非规范资源不足,转轨时期"政企不分"的现实和公司法体系二元区隔的倾向亦不容忽视。美国关于交易公平性判断的程序性规则有助于克服法律行为评价系统的局限性,具有"复原"商业决策背景的功能,契合复杂的市场环境需求,是最具借鉴价值的部分。     

如何加强国有企业的成本管理

我国国有企业成本管理存在诸多问题.加强国有企业成本管理,须切实采取五项措施,严格五个要求,牢牢抓住五个环节.