发达国家劳动密集型产业转移的因素分析及启示

第二次世界大战以后,世界产业结构经历了由劳动密集型产业向资金、技术密集型产业的转移。至今劳动密集型产业转移仍在不同层次向中国大陆沿海地区继续着并向中西部地区扩展。在这次国际产业大转移中出现许多新趋势、新特点,研究发达国家劳动密集型产业转移的经验和教训,对发展我国劳动密集型产业具有重要意义。     

Why can't Europe save itself? A note on a structural failure

Europe's Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) has been struck by one financial crisis after another. Yes despite many bold new initiatives, instability and uncertainty persist. Why can't Europe save itself? The answer, this chapter argues, lies in a structural failure. EMU lacks a credible mechanism to cope with the threat of imbalances within the group – a framework to manage the European region's internal payments problems. The challenge was foreseen from the beginning. How could a regional monetary union manage the risk of fiscal imbalances among its members? Europe might have turned to the USA for inspiration. For analytical purposes, the USA too can be considered as a regional monetary union comparable to EMU, facing the same fundamental challenge. America's solution was to create a permanent ‘transfer union’, featuring more or less automatic flows of funds through the federal budget at the centre. But European policy-makers chose otherwise, for reasons that go to the very heart of their ongoing integration project. EMU is a league of sovereign states, each determined to retain for itself as many rights and privileges as possible. In such a structure, a permanent transfer union never had a chance; and since no adequate substitute has yet been found, Europe is forced to pay a high price in terms of instability and lost growth.     

Managing transience: Bolsa Família and its subjects in an MST landless settlement

Bolsa Família, the world's largest conditional cash transfer, provides welfare payments to 13 million Brazilian households – and creates dilemmas for Brazil's rural landless movement, the MST. Through ethnographic analysis in two villages, this paper explores the daily practices and political conceptions of the program's beneficiaries. Bolsa Família does not, as is often believed, create a de-radicalizing sense of contentment. Instead, the program generates a temporality that makes the benefit feel unreliable to beneficiaries. These beneficiaries must mediate the tension between ‘citizen’ and ‘manager’ identities, the latter being a salient subject-position produced by Bolsa Família. The precarity of this position helps explain why Bolsa Família has not inspired significant mobilization by social movements.     

International Organisations and the Production of Hegemonic Knowledge: how the World Bank and the oecd helped invent the Fragile State Concept

This article examines the role of the World Bank and the oecd in the emergence and circulation of the ‘fragile state’ concept. These organisations were critical to the early development of the concept and in the consolidation of a knowledge-based agenda set out by Western aid donors to justify international assistance to poor and conflict-ridden countries. Attention is focused on three normative processes affecting the production of transnational knowledge: normalisation, fragmentation and assimilation. ‘Normalisation’ is the process by which influential knowledge producers help to transform a rough concept into a widely accepted transnational norm based on expert knowledge, detailed definitions and statistical exercises. Once the concept has been appropriated by several international actors, it undergoes normative ‘fragmentation’ as it is subjected to various interpretations across time and space. ‘Assimilation’ is the process by which the overarching concept is renewed, enriched and gradually adapted through the incorporation of additional insights. The article argues that the World Bank and oecd have functioned as central knowledge hubs, facilitating the circulation of new and controversial ideas on fragile states and their integration into the prevailing policies of the most powerful aid donors. The two organisations have thus taken an active role in the consolidation and perpetuation of the aid donors’ policy doctrine, ultimately protecting it from major normative dissent.     

‘Fragile States’: introducing a political concept

The special issue ‘Fragile States: A Political Concept’ investigates the emergence, dissemination and reception of the notion of ‘state fragility’. It analyses the process of conceptualisation, examining how the ‘fragile states’ concept was framed by policy makers to describe reality in accordance with their priorities in the fields of development and security. The contributors to the issue investigate the instrumental use of the ‘state fragility’ label in the legitimisation of Western policy interventions in countries facing violence and profound poverty. They also emphasise the agency of actors ‘on the receiving end’, describing how the elites and governments in so-called ‘fragile states’ have incorporated and reinterpreted the concept to fit their own political agendas. A first set of articles examines the role played by the World Bank, the oecd, the European Union and the g7+ coalition of ‘fragile states’ in the transnational diffusion of the concept, which is understood as a critical element in the new discourse on international aid and security. A second set of papers employs three case studies (Sudan, Indonesia and Uganda) to explore the processes of appropriation, reinterpretation and the strategic use of the ‘fragile state’ concept.     

种植前苍附导痰汤及奥利司他预处理对肥胖型多囊卵巢综合征行体外受精-胚胎移植术患者临床结局的影响

目的 观察种植前联合应用苍附导痰汤及奥利司他胶囊对肥胖型多囊卵巢综合征(polycystic ovary syndrome,PCOS)行体外受精-胚胎移植（in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer,IVF-ET）患者临床结局的影响。方法 将60例行拮抗剂方案IVF助孕的肥胖型PCOS患者按照随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组,每组30例。观察组在使用拮抗剂方案前联合使用3个月的苍附导痰汤及奥利司他胶囊;对照组使用拮抗剂方案前3个月单纯使用奥利司他胶囊。观察两组患者用药前后体质量指数（body mass index,BMI）和血脂［胆固醇（cholesterol total,TC）、甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（high density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（low density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C）］水平;比较两组患者的促性腺激素（gonadotropin,GN）用量和时间、获卵数、双原核受精率、优质胚胎率,冻胚移植（frozen embryo transplantation, FET）周期累计临床妊娠率、早期流产率。结果 与治疗前比较,两组患者治疗后BMI、TG、TC、LDL-C均显著下降,HDL-C显著上升,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;观察组BMI、TG、TC下降程度均显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。与对照组比较,观察组GN用量及GN时间下降,双原核受精率、优胚率、临床妊娠率上升,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);早期流产率呈下降趋势（P＞0.05）。结论 苍附导痰汤可有效降低肥胖型PCOS患者的BMI和血脂水平,提高卵子的受精能力,改善胚胎质量,降低GN使用时间及总量,提高冻胚移植临床妊娠率,有效改善IVF助孕的肥胖型PCOS患者临床结局。     

论内地与香港特区间刑事诉讼转移制度的构建

针对同一起跨境犯罪,内地与香港特区在双方根据各自刑事法律均享有刑事管辖权,且均已启动刑事诉讼程序时,可进行区际刑事诉讼转移,即就该案件刑事管辖权的实际行使达成共识,由一方来行使刑事管辖权,对犯罪予以追究,他方承认实际管辖方所做出的刑事判决。在"一国两制"原则的指导下,中国内地与香港特区间开展刑事诉讼转移的刑事司法合作活动,须遵循"双重犯罪原则"、"有限的犯罪地管辖原则"和"一事不二审原则"。内地与香港特区刑事诉讼转移制度的构建,可以从包括原则、条件、程序和刑事诉讼转移的拒绝4个方面入手予以考虑。     

父爱主义与“还地于民”

农村经济体制改革的进程就是一个“还地于民”的过程。因为流转上的障碍,农村土地权利并未真正物权化。流转管制背后蕴藏着父爱主义理念。父爱主义没有随着市场经济的发展而消解,反而重新抬头。但逻辑上父爱主义的预设前提并不存在,且潜伏着无效率和不自由的危险。父爱主义本质上是一种精英主义,土地管制所借助的三个正当化理由都有反思的必要。目前全球金融危机为“还地于民”提供了历史契机,摒弃父爱主义有助于实现农村土地资产彻底物权化和农民身份彻底市民化,并为克服危机提供动力。     

International Collaboration in Local Government Leadership Development: Insights Gained from a U.S. and Ireland Partnership

There is great value in international partnerships when developing leadership potential in local government. This article focuses on the lessons-learned from three innovative annual joint collaboration efforts under the auspices of the Institute of Public Administration (IPA) in Ireland and DePaul University (Chicago). The purpose was to provide an “outside in” perspective of how local government works in different countries. This was illustrated by a recent series of collaborative programs to develop 59 senior individuals in local authorities throughout Ireland. Approaches used included shadowing local government officials, collaborations with community partners, and benchmarking meetings with officials to learn about innovative projects.     

Policy Transfer Over Time: A Case of Growing Complexity

The article indicates that policy transfer has played an important role in the development of policy and legislation in Australia. Indeed, much of what is regarded as Australian policy is borrowed, usually in small part, but sometimes in its entirety, from elsewhere. One of the implications of this view is that Australian policy making processes are often, at least in part, dynamic, policy processes that draw upon a number of sources, both domestic and international. The focus of this article is upon the sources of transfer in the Australian context, both domestic and international, and how the sources drawn upon by Australian state and federal governments have changed over time. The article also indicates that on the evidence available the Australian experience with transfer can be divided into a number of phases. The first, from European colonisation to approximately the middle of the nineteenth century, the second from roughly the middle of the nineteenth century to federation at the beginning of the twentieth century, the third from the establishment of the Australian federation in 1901, to the Second World War, and the fourth phase, from the Second World War to the present.