Fingerprint error rate on close non‐matches

The accuracy of fingerprint identifications is critically important to the administration of criminal justice. Accuracy is challenging when two prints from different sources have many common features and few dissimilar features. Such print pairs, known as close non‐matches (CNMs), are increasingly likely to arise as ever‐growing databases are searched with greater frequency. In this study, 125 fingerprint agencies completed a mandatory proficiency test that included two pairs of CNMs. The false‐positive error rates on the two CNMs were 15.9% (17 out of 107, 95% C.I.: 9.5%, 24.2%) and 28.1% (27 out of 96, 95% C.I.: 19.4%, 38.2%), respectively. These CNM error rates are (a) inconsistent with the popular notion that fingerprint evidence is nearly infallible, and (b) larger than error rates reported in leading fingerprint studies. We conclude that, when the risk of CNMs is high, the probative value of a reported fingerprint identification may be severely diminished due to an elevated false‐positive error risk. We call for additional CNM research, including a replication and expansion of the present study using a representative selection of CNMs from database searches.     

The Turkish Republic's Jihad? Religious symbols,terminology and ceremonies in Turkey during the Korean War 1950–1953

On 25 July 1950, a month after the beginning of the Korean War, the newly elected Democratic Party (DP) in Turkey announced that a brigade would be sent to assist South Korea as part of the UN mission led by the United States. The main argument of this article is that although the DP regime is considered a secular and Kemalist one, the state continued the Ottoman tradition and practice of using Islam to gain support for the war and to mobilize the Turkish nation. To do so, the article will show the similarity of both the means and the content of religious propaganda used in the Korean War to those used in the Ottoman jihad in the First World War. This article suggests that parts of the public understood the war as a religious conflict and not just as an ideological one thus indicating the success of the religious messages and their efficiency.     

日本佛教题材文学的演变及当代转型

始于明治元年的"废佛毁释"运动彻底改变了日本佛教的命运,由此产生的新文化语境与思想生态对日本佛教题材文学的创作产生了重大影响。纵观近代以来约150年间的日本佛教题材文学,其中的佛教思想接受模式呈现了从信仰、怀疑、理性主义到多元宗教观的变迁,实践了与佛教地位转型相呼应的文学创作转型。而多元信仰的必然结果是人们无暇顾及自我磨砺,急功近利的宗教心理使得"他力思想"和"恶人正机"等方便法门取代了注重修行的正统佛教思想。新生代僧侣作家的登场则将传统僧侣文学和现代文学融于一体,既让人们了解到神秘的僧界,亦使佛教更多地介入了现代世俗生活,他们作品中呈现的多元宗教观亦符合当下日本民众的多元信仰形态。     

‘Til death do us part’: surviving spouses,civil partners and provision on intestacy in Ireland

The Succession Act 1965 brought, it was said, a ‘revolutionary change’ in the law of succession to Ireland (Re Urquhart [1974] IR 197 at 208). However, despite the enormous impact it has had on citizens, in the 50 years since its enactment, the Act has never been subject to a comprehensive review or reform. This lack of legislative engagement in Ireland stands in marked contrast to a number of other common law jurisdictions. In the past decade alone, the Law Commission for England and Wales, the Scottish Law Commission, the New South Wales Law Reform Commission and the British Columbia Law Institute have each placed their respective succession law regimes under the microscope. Responding to this gap in the literature, this article considers the extent to which surviving spouses or civil partners are adequately protected on intestacy, specifically, in Ireland. Highlighting the potentially serious shortcomings of the Irish fractional share approach, and drawing on the experience of a number of common law jurisdictions, the article presents a proposal for reform. In this regard, it places a particular focus on the need to strike an appropriate balance between the competing interests of spouses/civil partners and children in the distribution of an intestate estate.     

对创建对创建“三元一体”城市社区管理目标的思考

城市社区管理和发展的真正基础是把社区建设成承接政府社会管理服务职能,企事业单位及其他部门基础保障功能社会化的动态发展载体。创建"三元一体"的城市社区管理目标,就是建设这样的发展载体,其中的三元,即政府、社区和社区民间组织,分别承担着一定的角色,协同推动社区管理的发展。     

论对授权立法中授权行为的监控——各国现制比较及我国现制之反省

要提高授权立法的社会效益,就必须加强对授权行为的规制,明确权力秩序,确立授权禁区。另外, 授权还必须具有明确性, 对立法者必须具有他律和外部制约措施。     

从求强、求富到人的现代化——中国现代化50年发展战略的反思

毛泽东时代 ,要使新中国在不利的国际环境下立足 ,国家现代化发展目标首先是求强 ;邓小平时代 ,则以求富为国家现代化的发展目标 ,开创出了改革开放的大局面 ;后邓小平时代 ,面临世界经济一体化和新一轮新技术革命的挑战 ,国家的现代化目标是“以人为本”的社会全面均衡发展 ,这是需要几代人共同努力的事业     

从海尔和春兰的比较看企业的多元化战略

本通过对海尔和春兰的多元化战略在动机、类型、途径和运行效果等方面的不同特点的比较与分析,对中国企业发展多元化战略得出了一些规律性认识：（１）成功的专业化经营基础和主导产业的核心竞争力是成功的多元化战略的必要条件;（２）兼并是企业多元化扩展的一种有效途径;（３）企业一般不宜进行大规模的低相关扩展。     

统筹山东城乡发展的思路与对策

改革开放以来,山东省农业和农村经济取得了长足发展。但是由于长期形成的城乡二元结构格局的影响,城乡经济社会发展差距仍比较大。解决“三农”问题,必须树立和落实科学发展观,统筹城乡发展,充分发挥城市对农村的辐射和带动作用、工业对农业的支持和反哺作用,促进城乡经济良性互动、共同发展。