Environmental liability reform and privatization in Central and Eastern Europe

The legacy of severe environmental degradation inherited by the new Central and Eastern European (CEE) economies requires liability reform to aid the cleanup of existing pollution sources and create incentives for future environmental risk reduction. The paper analyzes a host of liability approaches to meet these goals, given economic and institutional characteristics specific to the CEE nations, and explores the impact of environmental liability rules on privatization and foreign investment. A principal conclusion of the analysis is that, for a host of efficiency-based reasons, liability should not be retroactively applied to the new owners of privatized firms. Also, the paper advocates the use of national liability funds to finance the cost of existing liabilities, while highlighting dangers associated with their use. In addition to the desirability of alternative privatization mechanisms, the paper also analyzes altemative liability rules to govern prospective environmental hazards.     

有限责任公司法律制度的改革

有限责任公司具有资合性、人合性与封闭性;有限责任公司制度的改革应坚持适应性和引导性两大目标,任何有限责任公司法的改革都不是在消灭实质意义的有限责任公司,在不同的国情下,可能有限责任公司的名字在变化,而它固有的特性则越改革越凸现出来。     

成年监护制度修改趋势探析

修改成年监护制度以适应维护身心障碍者生活的正常化及尊重其自我决定权的新理念,已成为一种时代趋势。我国在制定民法典之际,也应顺应时代朝流,修改和完善我国的成年监护制度,使其更加符合我国的现实需要。     

警察权力运行的规范与制约

警察权力是一项强大的公共权力,它一旦被滥用,会直接侵害公民的人身和财产权益,具有很大社会危害性。尽管近期我国对警察权力的运行作了进一步规范,但并未确立完善的警察权力的运行机制,导致警察权力侵害公民合法权益的事件频仍。任何权力都应受到限制,只有对警察权力的运行进行规范和制约,才能防止警察权力滥用,使警察权力能合法、合理地运行,更好地维护公共安全秩序。     

后合同义务及其法律责任探析

后合同义务与合同给付义务、约定义务、先合同义务有着显著的不同。后合同义务包括通知义务、协助义务、保密义务、照顾义务、不得同业竞争等类型。违反后合同义务的法律责任称之为后合同责任,是不同于缔约过失责任、违约责任、侵权责任的一种独立的民事责任。     

法国公务员行政赔偿责任制度评介

公务员行政赔偿责任涉及到行政相对人、公务员和行政主体三方的关系,是国家赔偿制度的重要组成部分,法国公务员行政赔偿责任制度历经发展,形成了以"个人过错"为核心的、允许行政相对人直接向公务员求偿的行政赔偿责任制度,并通过一系列判例确认了各项具体制度,易于操作,达到了合法性与效率之间的理性与平衡.     

Environmental liability and harmonization in the presence of transboundary effects and hidden assets

Within the context of transboundary disputes, this paper seeks to determine which liability concept, negligence or strict liability, performs better when assets are secure against foreign claims for transboundary damages. Our results indicate that, if assets are hidden from foreign claims, strict liability will not implement the socially optimal outcome, but neither will negligence. However, even though the socially optimal outcome is not always achieved, strict liability weakly dominates negligence. These results suggest that the harmonization of statues that deal with transboundary pollution should be based on strict liability not negligence. JEL classification K32 · Q5 Smith and Eckert both thank SSHRC of Canada for financial assistance. We thank two referees for valuable comments that greatly improved the paper and Matt Smith for his research assistance. All remaining errors are our responsibility.     

环境责任保险制度的国际实践与借鉴

借鉴国外先进的立法经验,建立以强制责任保险为主,任意责任保险为辅,限额赔偿和受害者全部索赔相结合的环境责任保险基本制度。同时,采取扩大环境责任保险范围、制定科学合理的保险费率、以联保集团作为承保机构以及放宽保险的索赔时效期间等措施来健全环境责任保险的具体制度。     

"以贷还贷"纠纷中的保证人责任--以最高人民法院公布判决书为对象

成文法体系下法律规则确定性程度的考察,由于最高人民法院定期公布裁判文书的举措,而成为可能。对最高人民法院公布裁判文书的比较发现:最高人民法院对以贷还贷的认定,在不同判决中采取了各自不同的标准,对以贷还贷纠纷中保证人承担责任的条件,也给出了不同甚至相互矛盾的理由,未能同案同判。相互矛盾和冲突的判决并存的现状表明,以贷还贷纠纷中保证人的责任,不啻是模糊的,甚至是混乱的。类似现象,损害了法律一致性、规则确定性原则的同时,必将抑制经济生活中保证人角色的发挥,加大人民法院(包括最高人民法院)案件数量的压力。建立案例约束制度,是增强法律可预测性的现实选择。     

侵权行为法归责原则演进的法理学思考

侵权行为法归责原则的演进适应了民法从个人主义本位向社会本位的转变。演进的过程从个人的视角观察,实现了人的解放与发展;从社会发展的角度看,体现了以效率为追求的进化性发展路径。归责原则的演进实现了司法视角的转换,但无过错责任原则并没有否定矫正正义的价值取向。