Electrical and thermal injuries in pig skin — Evaluated and compared by light microscopy

The morphology of pig skin after electrical (el) and thermal exposure was studied in order to find methods applicable for disclosing electrical torture.Biopsies from pig skin exposed 24 hours earlier to either heat or electrical current under general anesthesia were studied by light microscopy. The amount of energy used of either type ranged from about 6 to about 100 joule deposited on two circular areas of the skin measuring 12 mm in diameter.In sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin alterations were found in heat-influenced specimens following the administration of moderate and large doses of energy. Changes were observed in el-influenced specimens also after the administration of low amounts of energy, which did not lead to macroscopical changes in the skin. The two types of energy induced different patterns of alterations inside the epidermis. The most characteristic change following heat exposure was the presence of a granular or fibrillar eosinophilic cytoplasm and subepidermal clefts, while el-expoure often produced white homogeneous cytoplasm and shadowy nuclei (“white necrosis”) in the attached epidermis. The individual changes could be produced by both types of injury, but to a highly different degree. However, the alteration classified as “vesicular nuclei” was only observed in el-damaged skin. The dermis from the more severely injured skin of both groups showed a homogeneous appearance (“necrosis”). While the changes of epidermis and dermis in response to heat were diffusely distributed, the changes created by electrical injury were often present in segments. By electrical damage homogeneous areas with loss of stainability and shadowy nuclei were occasionally observed in sweat glands, hair sheaths and in vessel walls, structures which are suggested to serve as conductors for the electrical current. “Vesicular nuclei” were observed in similar structures.Some of the findings may be associated with differences in intensity of energy during exposure to heat and electricity. Furthermore, the existence of different biological patterns following the two types of exposure should be considered. The studies are being continued to elucidate these basic questions, and to study further the medical diagnostic potential of examining skin biopsies from tortured individuals.     

认识美国的反华势力--蓝队

中美关系的好坏对中美两国和全世界都有重大影响,中美关系的波折,除了一些客现因素外,美国的反华势力特别是所谓蓝队的兴风作浪起了较大作用。要推动对中美人民和世界人民都有利的中美关系的良性发展,世人应该认清蓝队的面目和用心,并与之进行有策略的斗争。     

Using data on offender mobility in ecological research

This article presents some findings on neighborhood structure, police recorded crime, and offender mobility for the city of Utrecht, the Netherlands. The highest crime rates were found in the inner-city neighborhoods. The findings further show that the occurrence of different types of petty crime in residential neighborhoods is associated with different neighborhood characteristics. It was found that offenders reside predominantly in lower-social status neighborhoods. Using data on offender mobility it is shown that violent crime and vandalism are the more locally committed crimes, as compared to residential burglary and other property crime. Finally, it is proposed that data on offender mobility can be used to gain more insight into the link between certain neighborhood characteristics and crime.     

做好治安调解工作的原则和方法

治安调解是公安派出所的一项重要职责,对维护社会稳定起着重要作用。做好治安调解工作必须坚持治安调解的基本原则,又注重调解方法的艺术性,做到劝之以理、息之以德、感之以情,妥善解决民间纠纷事件。     

关于完善我国公安机关应急处置模式的思考

在我国已经启动全面建设小康社会伟大工程,不断推进现代化建设进程,日益加快政治与经济体制改革步伐的过程中,国际社会和国内现实越来越凸显的时代需求是转变政府执政观念,完善政府管理体制,规范行政行为运行机制,提升政府公共管理水平和服务效益,其中尤为重要的一项基础性建设就是尽快建立和完善政府应急机制,加强政府应对突发事件的管理能力,以保障社会发展秩序和公民生活环境的良性氛围。公安应急处置机制要从学理上做出理性界定,重点在于结合我国公安机关现实状况分析并勾勒了公安应急机制建设的基本范式和关键技术,着力点是提出了适应我国具体国情的公安应急处置模式建设的思维方式和可操作路径。     

蓝色圆珠笔字迹色痕FT-IR光谱经时变化的研究

笔者曾用FT-IR光谱法对108种不同蓝色圆珠笔油墨进行了系统分析,确定了油墨组成成份,实现了种类认定.在此基础上,选取了二种不同种类的蓝色圆珠笔油墨字迹色痕,在紫外光下定时照射,根据各自光谱特征峰校正峰高的计算,确定相关峰的相对峰高比.根据相对峰高比值随时间变化的规律,进行了曲线拟合和计算机编程.同时,探讨了油墨组份之间随光照时间的变化,其目的是为了推断字迹色痕的“年龄”.     

Juvenile sex offenders: a complex population

Individuals who engage in sexual offending behavior represent a heterogeneous population. Recent research has found some success in categorizing sexual offenders based on a number of variables, particularly the type of victim. For example, differences have been found between those offenders who victimize adults when compared with those who victimize children. However, the research in this area has been conducted predominantly with adult samples. As the adult sex offender literature has progressed, it has become evident that risk assessment, treatment effectiveness, and risk management are dependent on such offender characteristics. Unfortunately, the relevance to juveniles of characteristics deemed to be important with adult sex offenders is limited due to the complexity of developmental processes, particularly with respect to mental disorders and personality formation. As such, the formulation and implementation of treatment and risk management strategies that will be effective with juvenile sex offenders are challenging. The goal of this paper is to review some of the complexities inherent in the juvenile sex offender population by focusing on specific areas of complication, including: classification systems, comorbid paraphilias and other mental illnesses, and maladaptive personality traits.     

Sex of Spouse Abuse Offender and Directionality of Abuse as Predictors of Personal Distress,Interpersonal Functioning,and Perceptions of Family Climate

This study examines perceptions of personal distress, interpersonal functioning and family climate reported by men and women involved in unidirectional versus bidirectional spouse abuse. Participants were 7253 offenders treated by the USAF Family Advocacy Program from 1988 to 1996. Over a quarter of the sample is female and included among them were both unidirectional and bidirectional offenders. Grouping factors for the analysis are gender, directionality of aggression, history of abuse in childhood, history of recidivism, and severity of aggression. Females and offenders raised in abusive homes reported more negative perceptions across the measured spheres. Unidirectional abusers reported more personal distress, but bidirectional abuse had more conflicted family climates. Few differences were noted in offenders' perceptions based on the severity of their abuse or their history of repeat offenses. Tests for interactions yielded no reliable pattern indicating that grouping factors were related to outcomes in an additive fashion.     

Victim Policy Transfer: Learning From Each Other

This paper looks at the recent introduction of victim impact statements in several European countries. It asks whether victim impact statements are a positive addition to victim policy and practice in Europe and examines the challenges of adapting to the civil legal tradition a tool that was developed in a common law country.     

Predicting the effect of substance abuse treatment on probationer recidivism

Support for the effectiveness of substance abuse treatment to reduce substance use and recidivism among populations supervised by the criminal justice system continues to grow in substance abuse and criminal justice literature. Recent studies show that a variety of programs including the Breaking the Cycle program and drug courts appear to result in improved outcomes for offenders. In this paper, we examine the effect of non-residential substance abuse treatment on arrest. Our data are for almost 134,000 ‘drug-involved’ individuals sentenced to probation in Florida between July 1995 and June 2000. Nearly 52,000 of these individuals received non-residential substance abuse treatment, while 81,797 did not. Our approach is a methodologically simple one that entails stratifying our data by treatment status, estimating logit and negative binomial models of arrest for each of the two datasets, and then applying each model to both datasets. This approach, which requires that both groups include subjects for whom treatment is appropriate, is analogous to using regression models to predict outcomes for new values of independent variables. For each observation in the dataset, we use the models to predict the expected outcomes for each individual under two scenarios – receiving non-residential treatment and receiving no treatment. Summing over these individual estimates provides an estimate of the total numbers of arrests that would be expected under different levels of population exposure to treatment. Results suggest that non-residential treatment reduced both the expected numbers of individuals who recidivated (i.e., were arrested) and the expected total numbers of arrests in the 12 and 24 months following placement on supervision.**RTI is an independent organization dedicated to conducting innovative, multidisciplinary research that improves the human condition.